疑問句指提出問題,請對方回答的句子。疑問句句末要用問號。疑問句按其結構可分為:一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句、否定式疑問句五種。
1.一般疑問句
一般疑問句也叫Yes/No question,因為它通常要用Yes或No來進行回答。一般疑問句讀時句末用升調。如:
(1)一般疑問句的結構:
①如果句子的謂語有be動詞am,is,are,was,were,情態(tài)動詞can,may,must,could,need,助動詞will,shall,would,should,have,has,had等,將這些詞移到句子主語的前面,句末用問號。如:
Is the boy your friend?那個男孩是你的朋友嗎?
Will you go there tomorrow?明天你將去那里嗎?
Would you like to go with me?你愿意和我一起去嗎?
Have you been living here?你一直住在這兒嗎?
Are you going to Taiwan for holiday?你打算去臺灣度假嗎?
Need I come here tomorrow?我需要明天來這里嗎?
②如果句子的謂語沒有情態(tài)動詞、助動詞或be動詞,在句首加助動詞do,does或did構成一般疑問句,原來的謂語動詞用原形。如:
Do you speak English?你講英語嗎?
Does she like eating dumplings?她喜歡吃水餃嗎?
Did you go shopping yesterday?昨天你去買東西了嗎?
注意:
①由肯定句變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧浠蚍穸ň鋾r,句中的already,some,something,somebody等詞要變?yōu)閥et,any,anything,anybody等。
②肯定句變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧鋾r,通常把第一人稱I,we變?yōu)榈诙朔Qyou。
③在非正式文體中,特別是在口語中,常用一般疑問句的省略形式。如:
In trouble?有麻煩嗎?
Want some coffee?喝點咖啡嗎?
Need a hand?需要幫助嗎?
(2)一般疑問句的答語:
①多數(shù)情況下用Yes或 No+簡略答語回答;肯定回答用Yes,否定回答用No。如:
— Is Mary a Japanese girl?瑪麗是日本女孩嗎?
— Yes,she is./No,she isn't.是的,她是。/不,她不是。
— Can Lily speak Chinese?莉莉會說中國話嗎?
— Yes,she can.是的,她會。/No,she can't.不,她不會。
— Do you like English?你喜歡英語嗎?
— Yes,I do./No,I don't.是的,我喜歡。/不,我不喜歡。
注意:
①簡略答語是由句子主語的相應代詞+句子謂語的相應助動詞構成。②回答第二人稱you時,簡略答語中的代詞通常用第一人稱I或we。
②一般疑問句除了用Yes,No回答外,有時還可以用Certainly,Of course,All right,With pleasure等代替Yes進行肯定回答;用Never,Not at all,Not yet,Sorry等代替No進行否定回答。如:
— Can you help me?你能幫助我嗎?
— Certainly.當然。
— Could you please make less noise?請你小聲一點好嗎?
— All right,sir.好的,先生。
— Have you ever been there?你曾去過那里嗎?
— Never.從來沒有。
— May I use your bike?我可以用一下你的自行車嗎?
— Sorry.I'm going home right away.對不起,我要馬上回家。
— Have you finished reading the book?你看完那本書了嗎?
— Not yet.還沒有。
注意:
表示邀請的一般疑問句,在拒絕邀請時,其否定回答一般不用No,而是需講明原因。如:
— Could you come to tea on Sunday?星期天過來喝茶,好嗎?
— That's very nice of you,but I'm afraid I have no time that day.太好了,不過那天我沒時間。
2.特殊疑問句
以特殊疑問詞開頭,對句中某一成分提問的句子叫特殊疑問句。常用的疑問代詞有:what,who,whose,which;疑問副詞有:when,where,how,why等。特殊疑問句讀時句尾一般用降調。
(1)特殊疑問句的結構:
①特殊疑問詞+陳述句語序
當特殊疑問詞作句子的主語,或特殊疑問詞作主語的定語修飾主語時,陳述句部分語序不需要調整,謂語是實義動詞的也不需要加助動詞do,does或did。如:
Who teaches you English?誰教你們英語?
Which is mine?哪一個是我的?
Which book is yours?哪一本書是你的?
Whose horse ran fastest?誰的馬跑得最快?
②特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句語序
當特殊疑問詞作句子的賓語、狀語、賓語補足語等其他成分時,疑問詞后要跟一個相應的助動詞,構成疑問句語序。如:
What do you read?你讀什么書?
Which book do you want?你要哪一本書?
How did you get here?你是怎么到達這兒的?
When did you arrive?你是什么時候到的?
Why did you do that?你為什么做那事?
What can I do for you?我能為你做些什么?
注意:
①在日常會話中,特殊疑問句常以省略的形式出現(xiàn)。如:
Who?誰呀?Where?在哪里?What else?還有什么?What next?下一步怎么做?
Where to go?到哪兒去?What to read next?下一步該讀什么?
Why not join us?為什么不加入我們呢?
②口語中常常用“How about+名詞或動名詞+?What about+名詞或動名詞+?”特殊疑問句形式來向對方征求意見或詢問情況,意為“……怎么樣?”。如:
How about having a rest?休息一會兒怎么樣?
I'm ready.How about you?我準備好了,你呢?
What about reading aloud to practice pronunciation?大聲讀來練習發(fā)音怎么樣?
(2)特殊疑問句的答語
特殊疑問句的答語的重點是對疑問詞的回答,不再使用Yes或No,而是問什么答什么。答語可以是一個詞或詞組,也可以是一個完整的句子。如:
— Who took my book?誰拿走了我的書?
— Jack.(Jack took your book.)杰克。(杰克拿走了你的書)
— When did he go to Beijing?他什么時候去的北京?
— This morning.(He went to Beijing this morning.)今天早上。(他今天早上去的北京。)
— What is he doing there?他在那里干什么?
— Working.(He is working.)工作。(他在工作。)
— Whose bike is this?這是誰的自行車?
— Mr.Wang's.(It's Mr.Wang's.)王先生的。(它是王先生的。)
(3)特殊疑問詞的用法
①What is+sb.?用來詢問某人的職業(yè),譯為“……是干什么的?”
— What is your mother?你媽媽干什么工作?
— She is a teacher.她是個老師。
②Who is+sb.?用來詢問某人是誰。
— Who is that woman?那個女人是誰?
— She is my mother.她是我媽媽。
— She is Rose.她是羅思。
③whose之后如果沒有名詞時,表示“誰的(東西)……”。
— Whose is this umbrella?這傘是誰的?
— This umbrella is my sister's.這傘是我姐姐的。
④Which引導的特殊疑問句用來對主語和賓語提問,意為“哪個”。
— Which is Tom's?哪個是湯姆的?(對主語提問)
— This is his.這是他的。
— Which does he want?他想要哪一個?(對賓語提問)
— He wants the green one.他想要那個綠色的。
⑤“How ...?”how可單獨地置于疑問句的句首,詢問如何做某事即做某事的方法、手段,及健康、天氣等,意為“如何,怎么”。
— How do you go to school?你怎樣上學?(問方式)
— I go to school by bus.我坐公共汽車去上學。
— How are you?你身體怎樣?(問健康)
— I'm fine.Thank you!我很好。謝謝你。
— How is the weather today?今天天氣如何?(問天氣)
— It's cloudy.今天多云。
How are you?=How do you do?你好嗎?
How about ...?=What about ...?……如何?
How do you like ...?=What do you think of ...?你覺得……怎樣?
⑥常用how組成的特殊疑問詞及其用法:
3.選擇疑問句
說話者提出兩個或兩個以上的答案,讓聽話人對它做出判斷或選擇,這樣的疑問句就叫選擇疑問句。選擇疑問句,前一部分讀升調,后一部分讀降調。如:
— Are you a soldier or a worker?你是士兵還是工人?
— I'm a worker.我是工人。
(1)選擇疑問句的結構
選擇疑問句有一般疑問式選擇疑問句和特殊疑問式選擇疑問句兩種結構形式。
①一般疑問句式選擇疑問句:一般疑問句+or+被選擇的情況+?如:
Are you a teacher or a student?你是個老師還是個學生?
— Did you work out the math problem in this way or(in)that way?你是用這種方法還是用那種方法把這道數(shù)學題算出來的?
— I did it in that way.我用那種方法算出來的。
Will you go to work in Shanghai or in Shenzhen after your graduation?你畢業(yè)以后是在上海工作還是去深圳工作?
②特殊疑問式選擇疑問句:特殊疑問句+A or B?如:
Which do you like better,this one or that one?你更喜歡哪一個,這一個還是那一個?
Who are you waiting for,Li Lei or Li Ming?你在等誰,李雷還是李明?
Which is bigger,Beijing or New York?哪個城市大些,北京還是紐約?
When will he leave for London,today or tomorrow?他何時動身去倫敦,今天還是明天?
(2)選擇疑問句的答語
選擇疑問句不能用 Yes或 No 來回答,只能從句子中選擇一部分作為問題的答語。如:
— Do you go to school by bus or by bike?你上學乘公共汽車還是騎自行車?
— By bus.乘公共汽車。
— Which would you like,tea or coffee?你想要哪一個,茶還是咖啡?
— Tea.茶。
注意:
有一種一般疑問句后面加or not,表示不耐煩等感情色彩,回答時可用Yes或No。如:
— Are you ready or not?你準備好了沒有?
— Yes,I am.是的,我準備好了。
— Are you going swimming or not?你還去不去游泳了?
— No,I am not.不,我不去了。
4.反意疑問句
反意疑問句又稱附加疑問句,是一種常用于口語的疑問句,這種問句由兩部分組成,即陳述部分和反意疑問部分。反意疑問部分可翻譯為“是嗎?對嗎?是不是?”
(1)反意疑問句的3種結構形式:
①肯定的陳述句+否定的簡短問句?
當陳述部分是肯定句時,反意疑問部分要用否定形式,即前肯定,后否定。如:
It's Monday today,isn't it ?今天星期一,是嗎?
He often goes to school by bike,doesn't he ?他常常騎自行車上學,對嗎?
They went to the park yesterday,didn't they ?他們昨天去公園了,是嗎?
注意:
反意疑問部分的助動詞及人稱代詞由陳述部分的主語和謂語來決定,反意疑問部分要與陳述部分人稱一致、助動詞一致、時態(tài)一致。如:
The children will have a picnic in the park on Sunday,won't they ?孩子們星期天要在公園吃野餐,是嗎?
Your mother has gone to Qingdao,hasn't she?你母親到青島去了,是嗎?
②否定的陳述句+肯定的簡短問句?
當陳述部分是否定句時,反意疑問部分要用肯定形式,即前否定,后肯定。如:
That isn't your book,is it ?那不是你的書,是嗎?
Jim doesn't speak French,does he ?吉姆不會說法語,對嗎?
Your friend didn't have a good time last summer,did he ?你朋友去年暑假沒過好,是嗎?
They haven't been to the Great Wall,have they ?他們沒去過長城,是嗎?
注意:
當陳述部分有 hardly,seldom,few,little,no,never,nothing,nobody,nowhere,neither,nor 等否定詞時,反意疑問部分要用肯定形式。如:
He never said she would come,did he ?他從來沒說她會來,是嗎?
Nobody can answer the question,can they ?沒有人能回答這個問題,是不是?
Few people know about it,do they ?幾乎沒有人知道這件事情,是嗎?
You have never seen the film,have you ?你從來沒看過這部電影,是嗎?
Neither you nor I can work it out,can we?你我都不能算出它,是不是?
③祈使句+簡短問句?
當陳述部分是祈使句時,反意疑問部分用will you?或won't you?如:
Stop talking,will you?停止講話,好嗎?
Pass me the pen,will you?把這支鋼筆遞給我,好嗎?
Close all the windows,will you/won't you?把所有的窗戶都關上,好嗎?
注意:
①如果陳述部分是否定祈使句,反意疑問部分只用 will you?如:
Don't go to the park by bus,will you?別乘公共汽車去公園,好嗎?
Don't forget to post the letter,will you?別忘了寄信,好嗎?
②Let's開頭的祈使句,反意疑問部分用 shall we?Let us,Let me,Let him等開頭的祈使句,反意疑問部分用 will you?如:
Let's go to see the pandas,shall we?咱們?nèi)タ葱茇埌?,好嗎?/p>
Let us wait until 5:00,will you?讓我們等到5點,好嗎?
Let him do it,will you?讓他去做吧,好嗎?
(2)反意疑問句的答語
回答反意疑問句與回答一般疑問句相同,要用Yes或No作答。回答的內(nèi)容是肯定的用Yes;回答的內(nèi)容是否定的,用No;當陳述部分是否定句時,肯定回答的Yes翻譯為“不”,否定回答的No翻譯為“是的”,這與漢語完全不同,應特別注意。如:
— You don't want to go out,do you?你不想出去,對吧?
— Yes,I do.不,我想出去。/No,I don't.是的,我不想出去。
— My bike isn't cheap,is it?我的自行車不便宜,是嗎?
— Yes,it is.不,它很便宜。/No,it isn't.是的,它不便宜。
— You have finished your homework,haven't you?你已經(jīng)完成作業(yè)了,是嗎?
— Yes,I have.是的,我完成了。/No,I haven't.不,我沒有完成。
— He also wants to go,doesn't he?他也想去,是不是?
— Yes,he does.是的,他想去。/No,he doesn't.不,他不想去。
(3)反義疑問句疑難考點7注意
①如果陳述部分含有seldom,hardly,never,few,little,nothing,none,no one,nowhere等否定詞或半否定詞,其反意疑問部分要用肯定式。如:
He seldom comes to see you,does he ?他很少來看你,是嗎?
You have never read his book,have you ?你從未看過他的書,是嗎?
No one phoned me while I was out,did they ?我不在的時候沒人打電話給我,是嗎?
注意:
若陳述部分含有帶否定前綴的詞,反意疑問句仍用否定式。如:
It is unfair,isn't it?這不公平,不是嗎?
It is impossible,isn't it?那是不可能的,是嗎?
②如果陳述部分的主語為somebody,someone,everyone,everybody,no one,nobody,none等復合不定代詞,其反意疑問部分的主語強調全部時可用they,強調個體時可用he。如:
Nobody was hurt,were they?沒有一個人受傷,是嗎?
Someone is waiting for you,isn't he?有人在等你,是不是?
Everyone knows what money means,doesn't he/don't they?每個人都知道錢意味著什么,是嗎?
注意:
當陳述部分的主語是 something,anything,nothing,everything等復合不定代詞時,其反意疑問句的主語要用it。如:
Nothing is important,is it?沒有什么重要的,不是嗎?
Everything was going well,wasn't it?一切都很順利,是嗎?
③當陳述部分的主語是指示代詞this,that時,反意疑問部分的主語用it;當陳述部分的主語是指示代詞these,those時,反意疑問部分的主語用they。如:
That is your bike,isn't it?那是你的自行車,是不是?
These aren't our books,are they?這些不是我們的書,是嗎?
④如果陳述部分有助動詞have,反意疑問部分也用have;如果have為實義動詞,反意疑問部分用助動詞do,does或did。如:
They have never been to Hainan,have they?他們從未去過海南,是嗎?
He has a lot of money,doesn't he?他有許多錢,是嗎?
You have sports meeting every term,don't you?你們每個學期都舉行運動會,是不是?
He had supper at home,didn't he?他在家吃的晚飯,是嗎?
⑤如果陳述部分含有表示“必須”的must,反意疑問部分用 mustn't或needn't;如果陳述部分含有表示禁止的mustn't,反意疑問部分要用must;如果陳述部分含有表示肯定或否定推測的must be,must have been或can't be,反意疑問部分要根據(jù)must或can't后的助動詞確定反意疑問形式。如:
He must leave at once,mustn't/needn't he?他必須馬上離開,是嗎?
You mustn't smoke here,must you?你不得在這兒吸煙,好嗎?
He must be tired,isn't he?他一定累了,是嗎?
He must have read the article,hasn't/didn't he?他一定讀過那篇文章,是嗎?
The girl can't be your sister,is she?那女孩不可能是你姐姐,是嗎?
注意:
陳述部分含有表示推測的must have done,并有already,for two days等表示完成的時間狀語,反意疑問部分用haven't;若有yesterday,last night等表示過去時間的時間狀語,反意疑問部分用didn't;若兩類時間狀語都沒有,根據(jù)情況用haven't或didn't都可以。
⑥若陳述部分為主從復合句,其反意疑問句一般應與主句保持一致,但陳述部分為I think (believe,suppose等)that+賓語從句時,反意疑問句通常與從句保持一致,否定式與主句保持一致。如:
She said that I did it,didn't she?她說是我干的,是嗎?
I think that he is wrong,isn't he?我認為他錯了,是嗎?
I don't suppose he will come,will he?我想他不會來了,是嗎?
⑦there be句型的反意疑問句
There be句型的反意疑問句主語部分用there,助動詞用be的相應形式;如果there be句型有其他助動詞,則根據(jù)前否定、后肯定,前肯定、后否定的原則,選用其他助動詞的相應形式。如:
There are seven boys and two girls in your group,aren't there?你們小組七個男孩、兩個女孩,是不是?
There isn't any water in your glass,is there?你的杯子里沒有水,是嗎?
There will be less and less living space for wild animals,won't there?野生動物的生存空間越來越少,是嗎?
⑧I am ...;I wish的反意疑問句
若陳述部分是I'm ...,反意疑問句通常用aren't I;若陳述部分是I wish ...,則反意疑問句通常用may I。如:
I'm older than you,aren't I?我年紀比你大,對不對?
I wish to go with them,may I?我想同他們一起去,可以嗎?
5.否定式疑問句
疑問句的否定結構稱為否定式疑問句。否定式疑問句表示驚異、反問、失望、責難等語氣。否定式疑問句通常翻譯成“難道……不……?”
(1)否定式疑問句的結構
①正式文體中:be/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語+not+其他?此結構實際是在一般疑問句的主語后加not,not不與任何詞縮寫。如:
Is he not a worker?難道他不是工人?
Did you not know?難道你不知道?
Can you not see?難道你看不見?
②非正式文體或口語中:be/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+n't+主語+其他?此結構中,not須與其前面的詞縮寫成-n't形式。如上面三個例句可以寫成:
Isn't he a worker?難道他不是個工人嗎?
Didn't you know?難道你不知道嗎?
Can't you see?難道你看不見嗎?
Isn't Kate a student?=Is Kate not a student?難道凱特不是學生嗎?
Hasn't the rain stopped yet?=Has the rain not stopped yet?難道雨還沒有停嗎?
(2)否定式疑問句的用法
①否定式疑問句用于表示驚異、反問、失望、責難等語氣,也可以贊美美好的事物,相當于一個特殊的感嘆句,還可以用于提出建議或邀請。如:
Isn't it beautiful?難道它不美嗎?(它真美?。?/p>
Why not give me a hand?你幫我一下行嗎?(表示請求)
Won't you come in and have some tea?進來喝些茶好嗎?(表示邀請)
Why don't you have a try?你為什么不試一試?(表示建議)
Isn't he your blood brother?難道他不是你的親兄弟?(表示驚異)
Isn't it a lovely day?難道不是一個好天嗎?(表示贊賞)
Why didn't you come last night?昨晚你為什么不來?(表示責備)
②否定式疑問句可以表示請求或希望得到肯定答復。如:
Don't you remember the days when we stayed in Paris?難道你不記得我們在巴黎逗留的那些日子嗎?(希望得到肯定答復)
(3)否定式疑問句的答語
否定式疑問句的答語在形式上與一般疑問句的答語一樣,但翻譯成漢語時,Yes要譯成“不”,No要譯成“對,是的”。英美人在回答問題時,凡與事實相符的都用Yes,不相符的都用No.如:
— Isn't he a teacher?難道他不是個老師嗎?
— Yes,he is.不,他是老師。/No,he isn't.是的,他不是。
— Don't you want to go?難道你不想去嗎?
— Yes,I do.不,我想去。/No,I don't.對,我不想去。
注意:
反意疑問句前半部分為否定陳述,后半句為肯定疑問時,實際上含意相當于否定疑問句,因此其答語的含義及形式與否定疑問句相同。如:
— He isn't a good boy,is he?他不是個好男孩,對嗎?
— Yes,he is.不,他是。/No,he isn't.是的,他不是。