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[初中]全新英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法18-3 否定句

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2021年12月31日

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18-3 否定句

對(duì)人或事物加以否定的句子稱為否定句。英語(yǔ)的否定句大都用not來表示否定,不同的句子又有不同的否定形式。

1.含有be的否定句

如果句子中含有連系動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞be,句子的否定形式在be的后面直接加not。如:

He is not a student.他不是個(gè)學(xué)生。

We are not in the school.我們沒在學(xué)校。

I'm not good at English.我不擅長(zhǎng)英語(yǔ)。

He was not late for school that day.那天他上學(xué)沒有遲到。

They were not doing their homework at that time.那時(shí)他們不是在做作業(yè)。

注意:

在否定句中,be與not可以縮寫。

is not→isn't;are not→aren't;was not→wasn't;were not→weren't

2.含有助動(dòng)詞will,shall,would,have,has,had的否定句

如果句子中含有助動(dòng)詞will,shall,would,have,has,had等,則在這些助動(dòng)詞后面直接加not構(gòu)成否定句。如:

I have not been to the Great Wall.我沒有去過長(zhǎng)城。

He has not finished his homework yet.他還沒有完成作業(yè)。

They will not have a meeting next week.下周他們不舉行會(huì)議。

We would not go there with them.我們不愿意和他們一起去那里。

注意:

在否定句中,助動(dòng)詞will,shall,would,have,has,had可與not縮寫。

will not→won't;shall not→shan't;would not→wouldn't;have not→haven't;has not→hasn't;had not→hadn't

3.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定句

如果句子中含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can,may,must,need,could等,則在這些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后直接加not構(gòu)成否定句。如:

We cannot speak French.我們不會(huì)說法語(yǔ)。

You must not put the bike here.你不能把自行車放在這里。

They could not play computer games then.那時(shí)他們不會(huì)玩電腦游戲。

You need not clean the room now.現(xiàn)在你不需要打掃房間。

注意:

在否定句中,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與not可以縮寫。

cannot→can't;must not→mustn't;need not→needn't;could not→couldn't

4.助動(dòng)詞do,does,did與not構(gòu)成的否定句

在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)和一般過去時(shí)態(tài)當(dāng)中,如果句子的謂語(yǔ)是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,那么其否定句就在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前加do not;does not;did not。do not和does not用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),does not只用于主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)的句子中;did not用于一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。do not可縮寫為don't,does not可以縮寫為doesn't,did not可縮寫為didn't。如:

They don't do housework at home.他們?cè)诩也蛔黾覄?wù)活。

He doesn't go to school on weekends.他周末不上學(xué)。

We didn't receive his letter.我們沒有收到他的來信。

5.沒有not的否定句

句子中如果有never,no,nothing,nobody,none,hardly,few,little,neither,too ...to ...等否定詞,則該句子被視為否定句。如:

There are no desks or chairs in the room.房間里沒有課桌和椅子。

Nothing in the world moves faster than light.世上沒有什么比光傳播得更快。

I have few friends in this city.在這個(gè)城市我?guī)缀鯖]有朋友。

He can hardly say an English word.他幾乎一個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞也說不出來。

注意:

句中含有否定詞構(gòu)成否定句后,在反意疑問句中要用肯定式。如:

He has few friends here,does he?他這里幾乎沒有朋友,是不是?

6.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定句

動(dòng)詞不定式的否定句在動(dòng)詞不定式前直接加not。如:

Mother asked me not to go out on Sunday.母親要求我星期天不要出去。

They decided not to go there.他們決定不去那里了。

注意:

如果動(dòng)詞不定式是不帶to的不定式,在動(dòng)詞原形前加not。如:

He made me not stay at home on weekend.他讓我周末不要呆在家里。

7.had better的否定句

had better是一個(gè)固定句型,意為“最好干某事”,其否定式在had better后直接加not。如:

You'd better not go with me.你最好不要和我一起去。

We'd better not play computer games.我們最好不要玩電腦游戲。

8.祈使句的否定式

祈使句的否定式在祈使句前直接加Don't。如:

Don't go out at night.晚上不要出去。

Don't look out of the window.不要向窗外看。

Don't cross the road when the light is red.紅燈亮?xí)r不要過馬路。

9.否定轉(zhuǎn)移的2種情況

(1)動(dòng)詞的否定轉(zhuǎn)移

①形式上否定主句的謂語(yǔ),實(shí)際上是否定從句的謂語(yǔ)

當(dāng)動(dòng)詞think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,feel等的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為沒有任何副詞修飾的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),它們的否定式實(shí)際上是對(duì)賓語(yǔ)從句的否定。表示說話者提出一種委婉的看法或主張。如:

I don't think that he will help us.我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)幫助我們。

I don't believe that he is right.我認(rèn)為他不對(duì)。

I don't suppose that he likes it.我想他不喜歡它。

②形式上否定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,實(shí)際上否定復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)

當(dāng)動(dòng)詞think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,feel,find的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為沒有任何副詞修飾的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),它們前面的否定式實(shí)際上是對(duì)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的否定。表示說話者所提出的一種委婉的看法或主張。如:

I don't think math difficult.我認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)不難。

I don't find the story interesting.我認(rèn)為這個(gè)故事沒有意思。

I don't expect so.我認(rèn)為不會(huì)。

注意:

動(dòng)詞think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,feel在下列情況下,否定不轉(zhuǎn)移:

①這些動(dòng)詞跟其他另一個(gè)動(dòng)詞一起做并列謂語(yǔ)時(shí),否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如:

I believe and hope he won't do that.我相信并且也希望他將不會(huì)那樣做。

I feel and admit that we are not foolish.我覺得并且也承認(rèn)我們并不愚蠢。

②用于疑問句時(shí),否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如:

Do you think it is not going to rain?你認(rèn)為天不會(huì)下雨嗎?

Don't you believe that he has done a good thing?難道你不相信他做了一件好事?

③用作插入語(yǔ)時(shí),否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如:

Li Lei,I think,won't be angry with you.我想李雷不會(huì)生你的氣。

Tom,I suppose,won't be against it.我猜想湯姆不會(huì)反對(duì)。

Mike,I believe,hasn't seen the film.我認(rèn)為邁克沒有看這場(chǎng)電影。

④動(dòng)詞前有其他副詞修飾時(shí),否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如:

I really don't think it's necessary for us to go there now.我的確不認(rèn)為我們有必要去那兒。

I feel strongly that he shouldn't do such a thing.我深刻地感到他不應(yīng)該做那樣的事。

⑤動(dòng)詞為非一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或主語(yǔ)不是第一人稱時(shí),否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如:

I thought that he wouldn't come back soon.我原以為他不會(huì)回來得這么快。

The girl didn't believe that he became a good boy.那個(gè)女孩不相信他變成了一個(gè)好孩子。

He thinks that he isn't fit for the job.他認(rèn)為他不適合這份工作。

He doesn't believe that what we told him is true.他不相信我們告訴他的事是真的。

⑥當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中的否定為not ...at all,not a little,not a few,not enough,can't help等固定搭配時(shí),否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如:

I think that he doesn't know it at all.我想他對(duì)那件事一點(diǎn)兒也不知道。

I suppose that it is not enough to remember the words if you want to learn the language well.我認(rèn)為如果你想把這門語(yǔ)言學(xué)好,那么只記單詞是不夠的。

I believe that you can't help singing our national anthem when you win the first place in the Olympic Games.我相信當(dāng)你在奧運(yùn)會(huì)上獲得第一名時(shí),你會(huì)情不自禁地唱起國(guó)歌來。

⑦當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中有no,nothing,nobody,nowhere,hardly,seldom,little,few等否定詞或半否定詞時(shí),否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如:

I believe that nothing can make me give it up.我想任何事情也不能使我放棄。

I think that no one can escape if the ship sinks in the sea.我認(rèn)為如果這艘船沉入海底的話,那么誰(shuí)也逃不掉。

I suppose that he is a man of few words.我猜他是一個(gè)言語(yǔ)不多的人。

(2)謂語(yǔ)的否定轉(zhuǎn)移

有些句子形式上否定的是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,實(shí)際上是對(duì)句子后面的狀語(yǔ)進(jìn)行否定。如:

Let's not talk about it here.我們別在這里談吧。

Don't read in the sun.不要在陽(yáng)光下看書。

Don't talk with your mouth full of food.不要口里含著食物說話。


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