大學英語自學教程下冊課文(帶字幕)02

[00:00.00]Unit 2 taxt A Black Holes
[00:03.04]黑洞
[00:06.09]What is a black hole?
[00:07.11] 什么是黑洞呢?
[00:08.12]Well,it's difficult to answer this question,since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.
[00:14.11]喔,這個問題很難回答,因為我們通常用來描述一種科學現(xiàn)象的術(shù)語用在這里不合適.
[00:20.09]Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole
[00:22.73]天文學家和科學家認為黑洞
[00:25.36]is a region of space (not a thing )
[00:27.94]是一個空間區(qū)域(不是一個物體),
[00:30.51]into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape not even light.
[00:34.90]物質(zhì)會陷入其中,而沒有物體可以從中逃逸出來.
[00:39.29]So we can't see a black hole.
[00:41.51]--即使是光也不行,所以我們看不到黑洞.
[00:43.73]A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter.
[00:48.42]黑洞產(chǎn)生很強的引力,而它卻沒有物質(zhì).
[00:53.11]It is only space--or so we think.
[00:55.59]它只是空間--或者我們認為是這們.
[00:58.07]How this happen?
[00:59.79]這是怎么發(fā)生的呢?
[01:01.52]The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point;
[01:05.74]原理是一些星球的密度增長到特定的一個值時就會爆炸.
[01:09.96]they collapse and sometimes a supernova occurs.
[01:13.27]它們崩潰時會產(chǎn)生超新星.
[01:16.59]From earth,a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky
[01:20.21]在地球上看上去,超新星就像天空中非常耀眼的燈,
[01:23.83]which shines even in the daytime.
[01:26.15]即使在白天也能看到其閃光.
[01:28.48]Supernova were reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
[01:32.45]在17,18世紀,天文學家就有了關(guān)于超新星的記錄,
[01:36.42]Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.
[01:40.24]有人認為圣誕星可能是一種超新星.
[01:44.07]The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star
[01:48.60]一顆星球崩潰可能產(chǎn)生一顆白矮星或一顆中子星
[01:53.14]a star, whose matter is so dense
[01:58.60]that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity.
[02:02.07]--一種物質(zhì)如此致密以致于它在自身引力下不斷地收縮的星體.
[02:05.54]But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun)
[02:08.67]但如果星球很大(比我們的太陽大得多),
[02:11.79]this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results.
[02:15.97]其收縮過程可能很劇烈,以至于產(chǎn)生了黑洞.
[02:20.15]Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble,
[02:23.53]假想一下地球收縮到彈球那么大,
[02:26.91]but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull,
[02:30.84]但仍具有同樣的質(zhì)量和更大強的吸引力,
[02:34.78]and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.
[02:38.20]你就會對黑洞的力量有某種概念.
[02:41.62]Any matter near the black hole is sucked in.
[02:45.16]黑洞附近任何物質(zhì)都會被吸進去,
[02:48.70]It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole.
[02:51.68]根本不可能說出黑洞里面發(fā)生了什么.
[02:54.65]Scientists have called the boundary area around the hole the event horizon.
[02:59.33]科學家們把這個洞的邊緣區(qū)域稱為"事界".
[03:04.01]We know nothing about events which happen once objects pass this boundary.
[03:07.83]一旦物體超過這個這個邊界,我們對所發(fā)生的事便一無所知.
[03:11.66]But in theory,matter must behave very differently inside the hole.
[03:15.63]但在理論上,在黑洞里物質(zhì)的運動肯定與洞外有很大區(qū)別.
[03:19.60] For example,if a man fell into a black hole,
[03:22.98]例如:如果一個人掉進黑洞,
[03:26.37]he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.
[03:29.70]他會認為自己很快就到達了其核心,
[03:33.03]However an observer
[03:37.00]at the event horizon would think that the man never reached the center at all.
[03:40.68]但在"事界"的觀察者則認為這個人根本不會到達黑洞的核心.
[03:44.37]Our space and time laws don't seem to apply
[03:50.61]to objects in the area of a black hole.
[03:53.04]我們的時空規(guī)律看起來不適用于黑洞里的物體.
[03:55.47]Einstein's relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena
[03:59.44]愛因斯坦的相對論是惟一可以解釋這種現(xiàn)象的理論.
[04:03.41]Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable,
[04:07.20]愛因斯坦聲稱物質(zhì)和能量是可以互相轉(zhuǎn)化的,
[04:10.98]so that there is no "absolute" time and space.
[04:14.01]因此就沒有絕對的時間和空間,
[04:17.04]There'are no constants at all,
[04:19.12]根本不存在永恒,
[04:21.20]and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer
[04:24.67]時間和窨的徇取決于觀測者所在的位置,
[04:28.15]They are relative.
[04:29.62]它們是相對的.
[04:31.10]We do not yet fully understand the implications of the relativity theory
[04:34.82]我們還沒有完全理解相對論的含義,
[04:38.54]but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis
[04:45.41]for the idea of black holes
[04:47.69]但有意思的是,在天文學家著手發(fā)現(xiàn)黑洞的存在證據(jù)之前,
[04:49.96]before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence.
[04:53.68]愛因斯坦就提供了黑洞這種想法的基礎(chǔ).
[04:57.40]It is only recently
[05:01.04]that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
[05:04.21]只是近來科學家才開始了對黑洞的具體的研究.
[05:07.38]In August 1977,a satellite was launched to gatter data
[05:11.46]1977年8月,發(fā)射了一顆衛(wèi)星
[05:15.53]about the l0 million black holes which are thought to be in the Milky Way.
[05:19.36]去搜集關(guān)于被認為是在銀河系的1000萬個黑洞的數(shù)據(jù).
[05:23.19]And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study
[05:26.16]天文學家正在計劃一個新的天文臺
[05:29.14]the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes.
[05:32.83]用以研究個別的存在爆炸的被相信要變?yōu)楹诙吹男乔?
[05:36.51]The most convincing evidence of black holes
[05:42.07]comes from research into binary star systems.
[05:45.01]黑洞最有說服力的證據(jù)惡臭對雙星系的研究.
[05:47.95]Binary stars,as their name suggests
[05:50.33]雙星,正如它們的名字所表明的,
[05:52.71]are twin stars whose position in space affects each other.
[05:56.39]是兩顆在窨位置上互相影響的星球.
[06:00.07]In some binary systems,
[06:02.45]在一些雙星系里,
[06:04.83]astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star,
[06:08.55]天文學家已經(jīng)表示這里有一顆看不到的伴星,
[06:12.27]a "partner" to the one which we can see in the sky.
[06:15.21]即我們可以在天空中看到的一顆星的伙伴.
[06:18.15]Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star.
[06:22.72]來自我們所看到的星的物質(zhì)正被吸引到伴星去.
[06:27.29]Could this invisible star,which exerts such a great force,be a black hole?
[06:31.77]這顆產(chǎn)生如此巨大力量的看不見的星會是黑洞嗎?
[06:36.25]Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too which
[06:39.12]天文學家還有其他一些星球的證據(jù),
[06:42.00] might have black holes as companions.
[06:44.38]這些星可能與黑洞相伴.
[06:46.75]The story of black holes is just beginning.
[06:49.43]對黑洞的研究剛剛開始,
[06:52.11]Speculations about them ate endless.
[06:54.75]各種推測會層出不窮.
[06:57.38]There might be a massive black hole
[07:02.24]at the center of our galaxys wallowing up stars at a very rapid rate.
[07:05.82]在我們銀河系的中心很可能存在著一個巨大的黑洞正以極快的速度吞食著星球.
[07:09.40]Mankind may one day meet this fate.
[07:12.07]人類有一天也會面臨被事在人為的命運.
[07:14.73]On the other hand,scientists have suggested that very advanced technology
[07:19.12]而科學家也提出,
[07:23.51]could one day make use of the energy of black holes for-mankind.
[07:27.09]有一天高科技會利用黑洞的能量為人類服務(wù).
[07:30.66]These speculations sound like science fiction.
[07:33.49]這些設(shè)想聽起來像科幻小說,
[07:36.31]But the theory-of black holes in space
[07:38.95]但空間中黑洞的理論
[07:41.58]is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers.
[07:44.71]被許多嚴謹?shù)目茖W家和天文學家接受.
[07:47.83]They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own
[07:52.15]他們展示給我們一個完全不同于我們自己的世界運行方式的世界,
[07:56.47]and they question our most basic experience of space and time.
[08:00.25]并對我們的最基本的時空經(jīng)驗提出了疑問.
[08:04.02]text B Worlds within Worlds
[08:06.80]世界中的世界
[08:09.59]First of all let us consider the earth (that is to say, the world)
[08:12.83]首先讓我們把地球(也就是說,世界)
[08:16.07]as a planet revolving round the sun.
[08:18.04]看做圍繞太陽運行的一顆行星.
[08:20.01]The earth is one of nine planets which move in orbit round the sun.
[08:23.20]地球是沿軌道圍繞太陽運行的九大行星之一.
[08:26.38]These nine planets,together with the sun,
[08:28.76]這九大行星和太陽一起
[08:31.14]make up what is called our solar system.
[08:33.32]組成了所謂的我們的太陽系.
[08:35.50]How this wonderful system started?
[08:37.42]這個奇妙的星系是怎樣開始的?
[08:39.34]and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery
[08:42.28]什么使它保持極精確的運行?從相當程度上講這是個謎.
[08:45.22]but astronomers tell us
[08:46.84]但天文學家告訴我們
[08:48.46]that it is only one of millions of similar systemsin space,and one of the smallest.
[08:52.04]太陽系只是太空里幾百個相似的星系之一,并且是最小的星系之一.
[08:55.61]The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night
[08:58.79]在漆黑無云的夜晚,我們看到的在空中閃爍的星星
[09:01.96]are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more or less like our own,
[09:05.14]幾乎都是其他多少與我們的星系中的恒星.
[09:08.31]but they are so far away in space
[09:10.28]但它們在太空中距離我們?nèi)绱诉b遠
[09:12.25]that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them.
[09:15.18]以至于我們不可能對其了解太多.
[09:18.11]About our own solar system,however,we are learning more every day.
[09:21.08]然而對于我們的太陽系,每天我們都會了解到更多的東西.
[09:24.06]Before the American and Russian astronauts
[09:28.22]made their thrilling journeys into outer space
[09:30.59]在美國和俄羅斯宇航員進行激動人心的太空旅行之前,
[09:32.97]it was difficult for us to realise
[09:36.91]what our earth looked like from hundreds of thousands of miles' away,
[09:39.64]我們很難認識到從數(shù)十萬英里以外的地方看地球會是什么樣子.
[09:42.37]but the photographs which the astronauts were able to take
[09:47.23]show us the earth in space
[09:48.97]但宇航員們能夠拍到的照片為我們太空中地球
[09:50.71]looking not very different from what the moon looks like when we look at it from the eart.
[09:53.63]看上和我們在地球上看到的月亮沒有什么大的不同.
[09:56.56]The earth is,however,very different from the moon,
[09:58.88]然而,地球與月亮確有很大不同,
[10:01.21]which the American astronauts have found1 to be without life or,vegetation,
[10:04.15]美國宇航員發(fā)現(xiàn)月球上沒有生命和植物生長.
[10:07.09]whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.
[10:09.57]而我們的地球在各方面都生氣勃勃.
[10:12.05]The moon,by the way,is called a satellite
[10:14.43]順便說一下,月亮被稱為衛(wèi)星,
[10:16.80]because it goes round our earth as well as round the sun.
[10:19.28]是因為它圍繞著我們的地球運轉(zhuǎn)同時繞太陽運轉(zhuǎn).
[10:21.77]In other words,it goes round the sun with our earth.
[10:24.34]換句話說,它隨著地球圍繞太陽運行.
[10:26.91]The surface of our earth is covered by masses of land and larger areas of water.
[10:30.30]我們的地球表面覆蓋著一塊塊的陸地和更大面積的水域.
[10:33.68]Let us consider the water areas frist.
[10:35.81]讓我們首先考慮一下水域,
[10:37.94]The total water area is about three times as large as the land area.
[10:40.90]其總面積大概是陸地面積的3倍.
[10:43.87]The very large separate areas of water are called "oceans"
[10:46.65]很大的隔開的水域稱為"洋",
[10:49.43]and the lesser areas are called "seas."
[10:51.65]小一些的水域稱為"海".
[10:53.87]In most of:the oceans and seas
[10:55.70]在大部分海洋里,
[10:57.53]some of the wateris found to be flowing in a particular direction that is to say,
[11:00.95]人們發(fā)現(xiàn)一些水域是沿著特有的方向流動的
[11:04.37]from one Fart towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.
[11:07.05]---這就是說,從流經(jīng)的海洋的一個區(qū)域流向別一區(qū)域.
[11:09.73]The water which is flowing in this manner is said to be moving as a"current"
[11:12.81]以這種方式流動的水叫"海流".
[11:15.89]There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas
[11:18.67]流動在海洋的水域里有成千上萬條海流,
[11:21.46]but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents
[11:24.03]但只有若干條較強和較顯著的海流被專門命名,
[11:26.60]are specially named and of great importance.
[11:28.88]而且其具有很大重要性.
[11:31.15]These currents are important
[11:32.87]這些海流之所以重要,
[11:34.60]because they affect the climate of the land areas close to where they flow
[11:37.57]是它們影響著所流經(jīng)區(qū)域附近陸地的氣候,
[11:40.55]and also because they carry large quantities of microscopic animal and vegetable life
[11:44.03]也是因為它們拾了大量的微生支,植物,
[11:47.50]which forms a large part of the food for fishes.
[11:49.77]而這些構(gòu)成了魚類食品的一大部分.
[11:52.05]The nature and characteristics of the surface of the land areas of the earth
[11:57.69]vary a great deal from area to area and from place to place
[12:00.72]地球不同區(qū)域的陸地表面自然特征區(qū)別很大.
[12:03.75]the surface of some areas consists largely of high mountains and deep valleys
[12:06.99]一些區(qū)域的地表由大量的高山和深谷組成,
[12:10.23]whilst,in other areas,most of the surface consists of plains.
[12:13.20]而其他區(qū)域,大部分地表卻由平原組成.
[12:16.18]If one made a journey over the Continents
[12:18.31]如果一個人做一次大陸旅行,
[12:20.44]one would find every kind of surface including mountain ranges,
[12:23.26]他會發(fā)現(xiàn)各種各樣的地貌,包括山區(qū),
[12:26.08]plains,plateaux,deserts,tropical forestlands
[12:29.62]平原,高原,沙漠,熱帶雨林
[12:33.16]and empty areascovered permanently by ice and snow.
[12:35.68]和永久性冰雪覆蓋的空曠無人區(qū).
[12:38.20]When thinking and learning about the world
[12:40.12]當我們想象和了解這個世界時,
[12:42.04]we should not forget that our world is the home of a very great many different people
[12:45.17]我們不應(yīng)忘記我們的世界是很多不同人的家園
[12:48.29]peoples with different coloured skins,living very different lives
[12:51.11]---他們是具有不同的膚色,過著極不相同的生活
[12:53.93]and having very different ideas about a great many important things
[12:59.49] such as religion,government,education and social behaviour.
[13:02.77]以及對諸如宗教,政府,教育和社會行為等許多重要事情持有極為不同的觀點的民族.
[13:06.05]The circumstances under which different people live
[13:10.41]make a great difference between the way in which they live
[13:12.84]不同民族的生活環(huán)境造就了他們和我們極為不同的生活方式,
[13:15.27]and the way in which we live,
[13:18.54]and it ought to be our business to try to understand these different circumstancea,
[13:21.57]我們應(yīng)該做的是去了解他們不同的生活環(huán)境
[13:24.60]so that we can better understand people of other lands.
[13:26.96]以便于可以更好地理解其他地區(qū)的人們.
[13:29.33]Above all,
[13:32.07]we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves
[13:35.15]我們應(yīng)當避免對他們有先入為主的看法,
[13:38.23]without first having learned a great deal about them
[13:42.60]and the kind of lives they have to live.
[13:44.79]尤其是在沒有對與我們不同的人們和他們必須過的那種生活有大量了解前.
[13:46.98]It is true to say that the more we leam about other people,
[13:49.61]確實我們了解其他人越多,
[13:52.24]the better we understand their ideas and as a rule,
[13:57.30]the better we,like those people themselves.
[13:59.37]我們越能理解他們的觀點,通常我們就更大喜歡那些人.