大學(xué)英語自學(xué)教程下冊(cè)課文(帶字幕)03

[00:00.00]Unit 3 text A Euthanasia: For and Against
[00:03.84]安樂死:支持還是反對(duì)?
[00:07.68]"We mustn't delay any longer...swallowing is difficult...
[00:10.50]"我們?cè)僖膊荒艿⒄`了...吞咽困難...
[00:13.32]and breathing that's also difficult.
[00:15.60]呼吸也很困難.
[00:17.87]Those muscles are weakening too...we mustn't delay any longer.
[00:21.29]肌肉也正在變得軟弱無力...我們?cè)僖膊荒艿⒄`了.
[00:24.71]These were the words of Dutchman Cees van Wendel de Joode
[00:28.45]這是荷蘭人齊思.萬德爾.德.萬德
[00:32.18]asking his doctorto help him die.
[00:34.36]在請(qǐng)求他的醫(yī)生幫助他死亡時(shí)說的話.
[00:36.55]Affected with a serious disease,
[00:38.62]因患有嚴(yán)重的疾病,
[00:40.70]van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly
[00:43.43]范.萬德爾再也不能清楚地講話了.
[00:46.16]and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.
[00:50.48]他知道已沒有康復(fù)的希望,其病情正在迅速惡化.
[00:54.80]Van Wendel's last three months of life
[00:59.85]before being given a final,lethal injection by his doctor
[01:02.98]在范.萬德爾的醫(yī)生給他進(jìn)行最后的致死的注射前,他生命的最后三個(gè)月的生活被拍成了電影,
[01:06.12]were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.
[01:09.50]并且去年在荷蘭的電視上首次播映.
[01:12.88]The programme has since been bought by 20 countries
[01:16.06]此后,這個(gè)節(jié)目曾被20個(gè)國(guó)家購(gòu)買.
[01:19.23]and each time it is shown,it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.
[01:22.91]每次放映,都引起一場(chǎng)關(guān)于這個(gè)主題的全國(guó)性的大討論.
[01:26.60]The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia,
[01:30.07]荷蘭是歐洲惟一允許安樂死的國(guó)家,
[01:33.54]although it is not technically legal there.
[01:35.67]雖然在那里嚴(yán)格根據(jù)法律還不合法.
[01:37.80]However,doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines
[01:40.99]然而,在荷蘭誶兩年前提出的議案的指導(dǎo)原則下
[01:44.18]introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted.
[01:47.86]執(zhí)行安樂死的醫(yī)生,通常是不會(huì)被起訴的.
[01:51.54]The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering
[01:55.62]這些指導(dǎo)原則要求,患者須正在經(jīng)受極度的痛苦,
[01:59.69]there is no chance of a cure,
[02:01.77]沒有治愈的機(jī)會(huì),
[02:03.85]and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia.
[02:06.82]患者一再提出安樂死.
[02:09.80]In addition to this,
[02:11.42]除此之外,
[02:13.04]a second doctor nust confirm that these critenia have been met
[02:16.42]除此之外,必須有第二位醫(yī)生證實(shí)這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已達(dá)到,
[02:19.81]and the death must be reported to the police department.
[02:22.63]并且死亡要向警察覺部門報(bào)告.
[02:25.45]should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others?
[02:28.27]可以允許醫(yī)生剝奪別人的生命嗎?
[02:31.09]Dr.Wilfred van Oijen,Ce Wilfred van Oijen,Cees van Wendel's doctor,
[02:33.98]齊思.范.萬德爾的醫(yī)生,威爾弗雷德.范.奧仁大夫
[02:36.87]explains how he looks at the question:
[02:39.05]談了他對(duì)這個(gè)問題的看法:
[02:41.23]"Well,it's not as if I'm planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun.
[02:45.25]"噢,情況并不像我在計(jì)劃用機(jī)關(guān)槍殺一大群人似的.
[02:49.27]In that case,killing is the worst thing I can imagine.
[02:52.00]若是那樣,那就是殺人,是我所能想象的最殘忍的殺人.
[02:54.73]But that's entirely different from my work as a doctor.
[02:57.41]但那完全不同于我作為一個(gè)醫(yī)生的工作,
[03:00.09]I care for people and I try to ensure that they don't suffer too much.
[03:04.02]我照顧人們并且盡力保證他們不受太大的痛苦.
[03:07.95]That's a very different thing."
[03:09.69]那是大不一樣的事情."
[03:11.43]Many people,though,arc totally against the practice of euthanasia
[03:14.10]然而,許多人完全反對(duì)實(shí)行安樂死.
[03:16.78]Dr.Andrew Ferguson,Chairman of the organisation Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia,
[03:20.31]反安樂死保健組織的主席安德魯.福格森醫(yī)生說:
[03:23.83]says that "in the vast' majority of euthanasia cases,
[03:26.67]"在大多數(shù)安樂死的病例中,
[03:29.50]what the patient is actually asking for is something else.
[03:32.62]患者實(shí)際要求的是另一回事.
[03:35.75]They may rant a health professional
[03:37.82]他們可能需要一位健康專家
[03:39.90]to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family
[03:42.88]讓他們與他們所愛的人和家進(jìn)行交流
[03:45.85]there's nearly always another question behind the question."
[03:48.43]---問題之后幾乎總有另一個(gè)問題."
[03:51.00]Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices--
[03:53.89]英國(guó)也有一個(gè)牢固的建立晚期病人收容所的傳統(tǒng)
[03:56.77]special hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs
[04:00.34]--只是照顧將要死亡者和他們的特殊需要的醫(yī)院.
[04:03.91]Cicely Saunders,President of the National Hospice Council
[04:06.92]茜西莉.桑德斯,國(guó)家收容所委員會(huì)主席
[04:09.94]and a founder member of the hospice movement,
[04:12.60]和收容運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)起者,
[04:15.27]argues that euthanasia doesn't take into account
[04:19.53]that there are ways of caring for the dying.
[04:21.90]主張安樂死并未考慮到照顧將死患者有多種方式.
[04:24.28]She is also concemed that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care
[04:28.21]她還談到允許安樂死就會(huì)破壞廣大的人們對(duì)照料和關(guān)心的需要:
[04:32.14]and consideration of a wide range of people:
[04:37.21]"it's very easy in society now for the elderly,
[04:39.94]"現(xiàn)在社會(huì)上,這是容易使老人,
[04:42.67]the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens,
[04:46.24]殘疾人和依靠別人生存的人感覺到他們是負(fù)擔(dān),
[04:49.80]and therefore that they ought to opt out.
[04:52.58]因此他們應(yīng)該決定退出.
[04:55.37]I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable."
[04:59.94]我認(rèn)為任何法律上允許縮短生命的做法肯定使這些人更容易受傷害."
[05:04.51]Many find this prohibition of an individual's right to die paternalistic
[05:07.98]許多人發(fā)現(xiàn)這種禁止睛個(gè)人死亡的權(quán)利常有家作風(fēng).
[05:11.46]Although they agree that life is important and should be respected,
[05:14.14]雖然他們同意生命是重要的并且應(yīng)該受到尊重,
[05:16.81]they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored.
[05:19.93]他們覺得生命的質(zhì)量也不應(yīng)忽視.
[05:23.06]Dr.van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right
[05:26.78]范.奧仁大夫認(rèn)為如果人們想,
[05:30.50]to choose for themselves if they want to die:
[05:33.37]他們有為自己選擇的基本權(quán)利:
[05:36.25]"What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me
[05:39.58]"那些反對(duì)安樂死的人是在告訴我們
[05:42.91]is that dying people haven't the right.
[05:45.34]將死的人們沒有這種權(quán)利.
[05:47.77]And that when people are very ill,we are all afraid of their death.
[05:51.75]并且當(dāng)人們病得很重時(shí),我們都擔(dān)心他們的死亡.
[05:55.74]But there are situations where death is a friend.
[05:58.40]但有些情形是死亡比敬延殘喘更好,
[06:01.06]And in those cases,why not?
[06:03.56]在那些情況下,為什么不采用安樂死呢?"
[06:06.05]But "why not?" is a question which might cause strong emotion.
[06:09.74]但"為什么不呢"是個(gè)會(huì)引起強(qiáng)烈感情的問題.
[06:13.42]The film showing Cees van Wendel's death was both moving and sensitive.
[06:17.60]展示齊思.范.萬德爾死亡情景的影片既動(dòng)人又敏感.
[06:21.78]His doctor was clearly a family friend;
[06:24.51]顯然他的醫(yī)生是家里人的朋友;
[06:27.24]his wife had only her husband's interests at heart.
[06:30.20]他妻子的心里也只有丈夫的利益.
[06:33.17]Some,however,would argue that it would be dangerous
[06:39.10]to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia.
[06:42.23]然而,一些人爭(zhēng)論說,用這樣的特殊的事例去支持安樂死是危險(xiǎn)的.
[06:45.37]Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention.
[06:49.69]并非所有患者都會(huì)得到這么高級(jí)的個(gè)別護(hù)理和關(guān)注.
[06:54.01]Text B Advantage unfair
[06:56.54]優(yōu)勢(shì)不公
[06:59.06]According to the writer Walter Ellis,
[07:01.09]據(jù)作家活爾特.埃利斯,
[07:03.13]author of a book called the Oxbridge Conspiracy,
[07:05.56]<牛津劍橋陰謀幫派>一書的作者所說,
[07:07.99]Britain is still dominated by the old-boy network:
[07:10.42]英國(guó)仍在老同學(xué)每每網(wǎng)控制之下:
[07:12.85]it isn't what you know that matters,but who you know.
[07:15.33]你所懂得的不重要,你認(rèn)識(shí)誰倒更重要.
[07:17.81]He claims that at Oxford and Cambridge Universities (Oxbridge for short)
[07:21.39]他聲明在牛津大學(xué),劍橋大學(xué)(簡(jiǎn)稱牛津劍橋)
[07:24.97]a few select people start on an escalator ride which over the years,
[07:28.05]一些經(jīng)過層層挑選的人們開始就像乘坐扶手電梯一樣,
[07:31.13]carries them to the tops of British privilege and power.
[07:33.67]幾年后,就被送到英國(guó)特權(quán)和權(quán)力的頂層.
[07:36.20]His research revealed that the top professions all continue to be dominated
[07:39.17]他的研究提示英國(guó)上層職業(yè)繼續(xù)被牛津,劍橋的畢業(yè)生控制,
[07:42.13]if not 90 percent,then 60 or 65 per cent, by Oxbridge graduates.
[07:45.75]即使到不了90%,也有60%或65%.
[07:49.37]And yet,says Ellis,Oxbridge graduates make up only two percent
[07:55.53]of the total number of students who graduate from Britain's universities
[07:58.46]埃利斯還說,牛津,劍橋的畢業(yè)生只占英國(guó)高校畢業(yè)生總?cè)藬?shù)的2%.
[08:01.38]Other researches also seem to support his belief
[08:03.92]其他研究似乎也支持他的觀點(diǎn),
[08:06.45]that Oxbridge graduates start with an unfair advantage in the employment market.
[08:09.63]認(rèn)為牛津,合格的畢業(yè)生一開始就在就業(yè)市場(chǎng)上具有不公平的優(yōu)勢(shì).
[08:12.80]In the law,a recenfiy published report showed that out of 26 senior judges
[08:19.64]appointed to the High Court last year
[08:21.52]在法律方面,最近發(fā)布的報(bào)告顯示去年26位被任命到高等法庭的高級(jí)法官中,
[08:23.41]all of them went to private schools and 21 of them went to Oxbridge.
[08:26.37]所有人都上過私立學(xué)校,其中21人上的最牛津,劍橋.
[08:29.34]But can this be said to amount to a conspiracy?
[08:31.52]但是任這些就能說是構(gòu)成一個(gè)陰謀幫派嗎?
[08:33.70]Not according to Dr.John Rte,
[08:37.54]a former headmaster of one of Britain's leading private schools,Westminster:
[08:40.78]按照英國(guó)一家主要私立學(xué)校威斯敏斯特的前校長(zhǎng)約翰.雷博士說法,并非如此.
[08:44.02]I would accept that there was a bias in some key areas of British life,
[08:46.80]"我愿意承認(rèn)在英國(guó)生活的一些關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域存在著偏見,
[08:49.58]but that bias has now gone.
[08:51.41]但現(xiàn)在這些偏見已經(jīng)一去不復(fù)返了.
[08:53.24]Some time ago--in the 60s and before
[08:55.67]一段時(shí)間前---即在60年代及其以前
[08:58.10]entry to Oxford and Cambridge was not entirely on merit.
[09:00.62]---進(jìn)入牛津,合格并不是全部靠成績(jī)的.
[09:03.14]Now,there's absolutely no question in any objective observer's mind
[09:06.32]現(xiàn)在,在任何客觀的觀察家心目中已經(jīng)勿庸質(zhì)疑,
[09:09.51]that entry to Oxford and Cambridge is fiercely competitive."
[09:12.14]進(jìn)入牛津,劍橋是殘酷的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)."
[09:14.76]However,many would disagree with this.
[09:16.88]然而,許多人不同意這個(gè)觀點(diǎn).
[09:18.99]For,although over three-quarters of British pupils are educated in state school,
[09:22.31]因?yàn)楸M管超過3/4的英國(guó)學(xué)生畢業(yè)于公立學(xué)校,
[09:25.63]over half the students that go to Oxbridge
[09:27.65]進(jìn)入牛津和劍橋的超過半數(shù)的學(xué)生
[09:29.68]have been to private,or "public"schools.
[09:32.11]曾上過私立學(xué)校,即"公學(xué)".
[09:34.54]Is this because pupils from Britain's private schools
[09:39.11]are more intelligent than those from state schools,
[09:41.24]這是因?yàn)橛?guó)私立學(xué)校的學(xué)生比公立學(xué)校的學(xué)生聰明呢?
[09:43.37]or are they simply better prepared?
[09:45.20]或者僅僅因?yàn)樗麄兪艿慕逃媚?
[09:47.02]On average,about 5,000 a year is spent on each private school pupil
[09:50.71]私立學(xué)校平均每年花在一個(gè)學(xué)生身上的錢是5000英鎊,
[09:54.39]more than twice the amount spent on state school pupils.
[09:56.87]是花在公立學(xué)校學(xué)生身上的兩倍多.
[09:59.35]So how can the state schools be expected to compete with the private schools
[10:05.00]when they have far fewer resources?
[10:06.88]這樣在財(cái)力少得多的情況下,公立學(xué)校怎么能與么立學(xué)校競(jìng)爭(zhēng)呢?
[10:08.76]And how can they prepare their pupils for the special entrance exam to Oxford University,
[10:11.84]他們?cè)趺磶蛯W(xué)生準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)入牛津大學(xué)的專門入學(xué)考試呢?
[10:14.92]which requires extra preparation, and for which many public school pupils
[10:18.04]這些考試要求特別地準(zhǔn)備,為此許多公學(xué)的學(xué)生
[10:21.17]traditionally stay at school and do an additional term?
[10:23.65]傳統(tǒng)上住在學(xué)校,要用額外的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間.
[10:26.13]Until recently,many blamed Oxford for this bias
[10:31.41]because of the university's special entrance exam
[10:33.78]直到最近,許多人因?yàn)榕＝虼髮W(xué)專門的入學(xué)考試而譴責(zé)這一偏見
[10:36.16](Cambridge abolished its entrance exam in 1986).
[10:38.73](劍橋在1986年取消了它的入學(xué)考試).
[10:41.31]But last February,Oxford University decided to abolish the exam
[10:44.39]但去年2月,牛津大學(xué)決定廢除入學(xué)考試
[10:47.47]to encourage more state school applicants.
[10:49.59]以鼓勵(lì)更大多公立學(xué)校的申請(qǐng)者.
[10:51.70]From autumn 1996,Oxford University applicants,
[10:54.58]從1996年秋天開始,牛津大學(xué)的申請(qǐng)者,
[10:57.45]like applicants to other universities,
[10:59.42]像其他大學(xué)申請(qǐng)者一樣,
[11:01.39]will be judged only on their A level results
[11:03.51]將根據(jù)其中學(xué)生高級(jí)考試成績(jī)
[11:05.63]and on their performance at interviews,
[11:07.60]及面試中的表現(xiàn)來判斷是否錄取,
[11:09.57]although some departments might still set special tests.
[11:11.95]盡管一些系可能仍然設(shè)置特別的考試.
[11:14.32]However,some argue that there's nothing wrong in having elite places of learning,
[11:17.45]然而,有人爭(zhēng)辯說,設(shè)置精英學(xué)校也沒什么不妥.
[11:20.57]and that by their very nature,these places should not be easily accessible.
[11:23.85]既然是精英學(xué)校,這些學(xué)校就不應(yīng)該能夠輕易進(jìn)入.
[11:27.12]Most countries are run by an elite
[11:29.01]大多數(shù)國(guó)家都由精英們管理著,
[11:30.89]and have centres of academic excellence from which the elite are recruited.
[11:33.83]有精英匯集的優(yōu)秀學(xué)術(shù)中心.
[11:36.76]Walter Ellis accepts that this is true:
[11:38.79]活爾特.埃利斯承認(rèn)這是事實(shí):
[11:40.81]"But in France,for example,there are something like 40 equivalents of university,
[11:44.20]"但在法國(guó),例如:有40所同等大學(xué)
[11:47.58]which provide this elite through a much broader base.
[11:49.90]可以在更大廣泛的基礎(chǔ)上培養(yǎng)出精英.
[11:52.23]In America you've got the Ivy League,centred on Harvard and Yale,
[11:55.17]在美國(guó)有以哈佛大學(xué),取魯大學(xué)為中心的,
[11:58.11]with Princeton and Stanford and others.
[12:00.03]還有普林斯頓大學(xué)和其他大學(xué)組成的常青藤聯(lián)合會(huì).
[12:01.95]But again,those universities together
[12:04.18]但是,這些大學(xué)---
[12:06.41] the elite universities are about ten or fifteen in number,
[12:09.23]精英大學(xué)---大約有10到15所,
[12:12.06]and are being pushed along from behind by other great universities like
[12:14.99]又被其他一些好的大學(xué),
[12:17.93]for example,Chicago and Berkeley.
[12:20.06]例如像芝加哥大學(xué),加州大學(xué)伯克利分校由后面推動(dòng)著.
[12:22.19]So you don't have just this narrow concentration
[12:26.63]of two universities providing a constantly replicating elite."
[12:29.31]這樣,就不公公狹窄地集中于兩所大學(xué)來不斷培養(yǎng)一代代精英了."
[12:31.99]When it comes to Oxford it comes to Oxford and Cambridge being elitist
[12:34.17]當(dāng)談到牛津大學(xué)和劍橋大學(xué)能培養(yǎng)出精英來
[12:36.35]because of the number of private school pupils they accept,
[12:38.69]是因?yàn)樗鼈兘邮芰舜罅康乃搅W(xué)校學(xué)生時(shí),
[12:41.03]Professor Stone of Oxford University argyles that there is a simple fact
[12:44.11]牛津大學(xué)的斯托思教授爭(zhēng)辯說他和他的同事不能忽視這樣一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的事實(shí):
[12:47.19]he and his associates cannot ignore:
[12:51.03]"If certain schools do better than others then we just have to accept it.
[12:53.92]"如果某些學(xué)校比其他學(xué)校做得好,那么我們就不得不接受它.
[12:56.80]We cannot be a place for remedial education.
[12:58.98]我們不是補(bǔ)救教育的地方,
[13:01.17]It's not what Oxford is there to do."
[13:03.05]這不是牛津大學(xué)要做的."
[13:04.93]However,since academic excellence does appear to be related to the amount of money spent per pupil,
[13:08.47]然而,既然優(yōu)秀學(xué)術(shù)的出現(xiàn)和花在第一個(gè)學(xué)生身上的錢的數(shù)目的確有關(guān)系,
[13:12.01]this does seem to imply that Prime Minister John Major's vision of Britain
[13:15.04]這似乎暗示了首相約翰.梅杰對(duì)英國(guó)
[13:18.07]as a classless society is still a long way off.
[13:20.55]作為一個(gè)無階級(jí)的社會(huì)的想象確有一段很長(zhǎng)的路要走.
[13:23.03]And it may be worth remembering that while John Major didn't himself go to Oxbridge,
[13:25.92]也許值得記住的是:盡管約翰.梅杰本人沒有讀過牛津,劍橋,
[13:28.80]most of his ministers did.
[13:30.57]而他的大部分大臣都讀過.