大學英語自學教程下冊課文(帶字幕)03

[00:00.00]Unit 3 text A Euthanasia: For and Against
[00:03.84]安樂死:支持還是反對?
[00:07.68]"We mustn't delay any longer...swallowing is difficult...
[00:10.50]"我們再也不能耽誤了...吞咽困難...
[00:13.32]and breathing that's also difficult.
[00:15.60]呼吸也很困難.
[00:17.87]Those muscles are weakening too...we mustn't delay any longer.
[00:21.29]肌肉也正在變得軟弱無力...我們再也不能耽誤了.
[00:24.71]These were the words of Dutchman Cees van Wendel de Joode
[00:28.45]這是荷蘭人齊思.萬德爾.德.萬德
[00:32.18]asking his doctorto help him die.
[00:34.36]在請求他的醫(yī)生幫助他死亡時說的話.
[00:36.55]Affected with a serious disease,
[00:38.62]因患有嚴重的疾病,
[00:40.70]van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly
[00:43.43]范.萬德爾再也不能清楚地講話了.
[00:46.16]and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.
[00:50.48]他知道已沒有康復的希望,其病情正在迅速惡化.
[00:54.80]Van Wendel's last three months of life
[00:59.85]before being given a final,lethal injection by his doctor
[01:02.98]在范.萬德爾的醫(yī)生給他進行最后的致死的注射前,他生命的最后三個月的生活被拍成了電影,
[01:06.12]were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.
[01:09.50]并且去年在荷蘭的電視上首次播映.
[01:12.88]The programme has since been bought by 20 countries
[01:16.06]此后,這個節(jié)目曾被20個國家購買.
[01:19.23]and each time it is shown,it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.
[01:22.91]每次放映,都引起一場關于這個主題的全國性的大討論.
[01:26.60]The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia,
[01:30.07]荷蘭是歐洲惟一允許安樂死的國家,
[01:33.54]although it is not technically legal there.
[01:35.67]雖然在那里嚴格根據(jù)法律還不合法.
[01:37.80]However,doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines
[01:40.99]然而,在荷蘭誶兩年前提出的議案的指導原則下
[01:44.18]introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted.
[01:47.86]執(zhí)行安樂死的醫(yī)生,通常是不會被起訴的.
[01:51.54]The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering
[01:55.62]這些指導原則要求,患者須正在經(jīng)受極度的痛苦,
[01:59.69]there is no chance of a cure,
[02:01.77]沒有治愈的機會,
[02:03.85]and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia.
[02:06.82]患者一再提出安樂死.
[02:09.80]In addition to this,
[02:11.42]除此之外,
[02:13.04]a second doctor nust confirm that these critenia have been met
[02:16.42]除此之外,必須有第二位醫(yī)生證實這些標準已達到,
[02:19.81]and the death must be reported to the police department.
[02:22.63]并且死亡要向警察覺部門報告.
[02:25.45]should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others?
[02:28.27]可以允許醫(yī)生剝奪別人的生命嗎?
[02:31.09]Dr.Wilfred van Oijen,Ce Wilfred van Oijen,Cees van Wendel's doctor,
[02:33.98]齊思.范.萬德爾的醫(yī)生,威爾弗雷德.范.奧仁大夫
[02:36.87]explains how he looks at the question:
[02:39.05]談了他對這個問題的看法:
[02:41.23]"Well,it's not as if I'm planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun.
[02:45.25]"噢,情況并不像我在計劃用機關槍殺一大群人似的.
[02:49.27]In that case,killing is the worst thing I can imagine.
[02:52.00]若是那樣,那就是殺人,是我所能想象的最殘忍的殺人.
[02:54.73]But that's entirely different from my work as a doctor.
[02:57.41]但那完全不同于我作為一個醫(yī)生的工作,
[03:00.09]I care for people and I try to ensure that they don't suffer too much.
[03:04.02]我照顧人們并且盡力保證他們不受太大的痛苦.
[03:07.95]That's a very different thing."
[03:09.69]那是大不一樣的事情."
[03:11.43]Many people,though,arc totally against the practice of euthanasia
[03:14.10]然而,許多人完全反對實行安樂死.
[03:16.78]Dr.Andrew Ferguson,Chairman of the organisation Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia,
[03:20.31]反安樂死保健組織的主席安德魯.福格森醫(yī)生說:
[03:23.83]says that "in the vast' majority of euthanasia cases,
[03:26.67]"在大多數(shù)安樂死的病例中,
[03:29.50]what the patient is actually asking for is something else.
[03:32.62]患者實際要求的是另一回事.
[03:35.75]They may rant a health professional
[03:37.82]他們可能需要一位健康專家
[03:39.90]to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family
[03:42.88]讓他們與他們所愛的人和家進行交流
[03:45.85]there's nearly always another question behind the question."
[03:48.43]---問題之后幾乎總有另一個問題."
[03:51.00]Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices--
[03:53.89]英國也有一個牢固的建立晚期病人收容所的傳統(tǒng)
[03:56.77]special hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs
[04:00.34]--只是照顧將要死亡者和他們的特殊需要的醫(yī)院.
[04:03.91]Cicely Saunders,President of the National Hospice Council
[04:06.92]茜西莉.桑德斯,國家收容所委員會主席
[04:09.94]and a founder member of the hospice movement,
[04:12.60]和收容運動的發(fā)起者,
[04:15.27]argues that euthanasia doesn't take into account
[04:19.53]that there are ways of caring for the dying.
[04:21.90]主張安樂死并未考慮到照顧將死患者有多種方式.
[04:24.28]She is also concemed that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care
[04:28.21]她還談到允許安樂死就會破壞廣大的人們對照料和關心的需要:
[04:32.14]and consideration of a wide range of people:
[04:37.21]"it's very easy in society now for the elderly,
[04:39.94]"現(xiàn)在社會上,這是容易使老人,
[04:42.67]the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens,
[04:46.24]殘疾人和依靠別人生存的人感覺到他們是負擔,
[04:49.80]and therefore that they ought to opt out.
[04:52.58]因此他們應該決定退出.
[04:55.37]I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable."
[04:59.94]我認為任何法律上允許縮短生命的做法肯定使這些人更容易受傷害."
[05:04.51]Many find this prohibition of an individual's right to die paternalistic
[05:07.98]許多人發(fā)現(xiàn)這種禁止睛個人死亡的權利常有家作風.
[05:11.46]Although they agree that life is important and should be respected,
[05:14.14]雖然他們同意生命是重要的并且應該受到尊重,
[05:16.81]they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored.
[05:19.93]他們覺得生命的質量也不應忽視.
[05:23.06]Dr.van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right
[05:26.78]范.奧仁大夫認為如果人們想,
[05:30.50]to choose for themselves if they want to die:
[05:33.37]他們有為自己選擇的基本權利:
[05:36.25]"What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me
[05:39.58]"那些反對安樂死的人是在告訴我們
[05:42.91]is that dying people haven't the right.
[05:45.34]將死的人們沒有這種權利.
[05:47.77]And that when people are very ill,we are all afraid of their death.
[05:51.75]并且當人們病得很重時,我們都擔心他們的死亡.
[05:55.74]But there are situations where death is a friend.
[05:58.40]但有些情形是死亡比敬延殘喘更好,
[06:01.06]And in those cases,why not?
[06:03.56]在那些情況下,為什么不采用安樂死呢?"
[06:06.05]But "why not?" is a question which might cause strong emotion.
[06:09.74]但"為什么不呢"是個會引起強烈感情的問題.
[06:13.42]The film showing Cees van Wendel's death was both moving and sensitive.
[06:17.60]展示齊思.范.萬德爾死亡情景的影片既動人又敏感.
[06:21.78]His doctor was clearly a family friend;
[06:24.51]顯然他的醫(yī)生是家里人的朋友;
[06:27.24]his wife had only her husband's interests at heart.
[06:30.20]他妻子的心里也只有丈夫的利益.
[06:33.17]Some,however,would argue that it would be dangerous
[06:39.10]to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia.
[06:42.23]然而,一些人爭論說,用這樣的特殊的事例去支持安樂死是危險的.
[06:45.37]Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention.
[06:49.69]并非所有患者都會得到這么高級的個別護理和關注.
[06:54.01]Text B Advantage unfair
[06:56.54]優(yōu)勢不公
[06:59.06]According to the writer Walter Ellis,
[07:01.09]據(jù)作家活爾特.埃利斯,
[07:03.13]author of a book called the Oxbridge Conspiracy,
[07:05.56]<牛津劍橋陰謀幫派>一書的作者所說,
[07:07.99]Britain is still dominated by the old-boy network:
[07:10.42]英國仍在老同學每每網(wǎng)控制之下:
[07:12.85]it isn't what you know that matters,but who you know.
[07:15.33]你所懂得的不重要,你認識誰倒更重要.
[07:17.81]He claims that at Oxford and Cambridge Universities (Oxbridge for short)
[07:21.39]他聲明在牛津大學,劍橋大學(簡稱牛津劍橋)
[07:24.97]a few select people start on an escalator ride which over the years,
[07:28.05]一些經(jīng)過層層挑選的人們開始就像乘坐扶手電梯一樣,
[07:31.13]carries them to the tops of British privilege and power.
[07:33.67]幾年后,就被送到英國特權和權力的頂層.
[07:36.20]His research revealed that the top professions all continue to be dominated
[07:39.17]他的研究提示英國上層職業(yè)繼續(xù)被牛津,劍橋的畢業(yè)生控制,
[07:42.13]if not 90 percent,then 60 or 65 per cent, by Oxbridge graduates.
[07:45.75]即使到不了90%,也有60%或65%.
[07:49.37]And yet,says Ellis,Oxbridge graduates make up only two percent
[07:55.53]of the total number of students who graduate from Britain's universities
[07:58.46]埃利斯還說,牛津,劍橋的畢業(yè)生只占英國高校畢業(yè)生總人數(shù)的2%.
[08:01.38]Other researches also seem to support his belief
[08:03.92]其他研究似乎也支持他的觀點,
[08:06.45]that Oxbridge graduates start with an unfair advantage in the employment market.
[08:09.63]認為牛津,合格的畢業(yè)生一開始就在就業(yè)市場上具有不公平的優(yōu)勢.
[08:12.80]In the law,a recenfiy published report showed that out of 26 senior judges
[08:19.64]appointed to the High Court last year
[08:21.52]在法律方面,最近發(fā)布的報告顯示去年26位被任命到高等法庭的高級法官中,
[08:23.41]all of them went to private schools and 21 of them went to Oxbridge.
[08:26.37]所有人都上過私立學校,其中21人上的最牛津,劍橋.
[08:29.34]But can this be said to amount to a conspiracy?
[08:31.52]但是任這些就能說是構成一個陰謀幫派嗎?
[08:33.70]Not according to Dr.John Rte,
[08:37.54]a former headmaster of one of Britain's leading private schools,Westminster:
[08:40.78]按照英國一家主要私立學校威斯敏斯特的前校長約翰.雷博士說法,并非如此.
[08:44.02]I would accept that there was a bias in some key areas of British life,
[08:46.80]"我愿意承認在英國生活的一些關鍵領域存在著偏見,
[08:49.58]but that bias has now gone.
[08:51.41]但現(xiàn)在這些偏見已經(jīng)一去不復返了.
[08:53.24]Some time ago--in the 60s and before
[08:55.67]一段時間前---即在60年代及其以前
[08:58.10]entry to Oxford and Cambridge was not entirely on merit.
[09:00.62]---進入牛津,合格并不是全部靠成績的.
[09:03.14]Now,there's absolutely no question in any objective observer's mind
[09:06.32]現(xiàn)在,在任何客觀的觀察家心目中已經(jīng)勿庸質疑,
[09:09.51]that entry to Oxford and Cambridge is fiercely competitive."
[09:12.14]進入牛津,劍橋是殘酷的競爭."
[09:14.76]However,many would disagree with this.
[09:16.88]然而,許多人不同意這個觀點.
[09:18.99]For,although over three-quarters of British pupils are educated in state school,
[09:22.31]因為盡管超過3/4的英國學生畢業(yè)于公立學校,
[09:25.63]over half the students that go to Oxbridge
[09:27.65]進入牛津和劍橋的超過半數(shù)的學生
[09:29.68]have been to private,or "public"schools.
[09:32.11]曾上過私立學校,即"公學".
[09:34.54]Is this because pupils from Britain's private schools
[09:39.11]are more intelligent than those from state schools,
[09:41.24]這是因為英國私立學校的學生比公立學校的學生聰明呢?
[09:43.37]or are they simply better prepared?
[09:45.20]或者僅僅因為他們受的教育好呢?
[09:47.02]On average,about 5,000 a year is spent on each private school pupil
[09:50.71]私立學校平均每年花在一個學生身上的錢是5000英鎊,
[09:54.39]more than twice the amount spent on state school pupils.
[09:56.87]是花在公立學校學生身上的兩倍多.
[09:59.35]So how can the state schools be expected to compete with the private schools
[10:05.00]when they have far fewer resources?
[10:06.88]這樣在財力少得多的情況下,公立學校怎么能與么立學校競爭呢?
[10:08.76]And how can they prepare their pupils for the special entrance exam to Oxford University,
[10:11.84]他們怎么幫學生準備進入牛津大學的專門入學考試呢?
[10:14.92]which requires extra preparation, and for which many public school pupils
[10:18.04]這些考試要求特別地準備,為此許多公學的學生
[10:21.17]traditionally stay at school and do an additional term?
[10:23.65]傳統(tǒng)上住在學校,要用額外的學習時間.
[10:26.13]Until recently,many blamed Oxford for this bias
[10:31.41]because of the university's special entrance exam
[10:33.78]直到最近,許多人因為牛津大學專門的入學考試而譴責這一偏見
[10:36.16](Cambridge abolished its entrance exam in 1986).
[10:38.73](劍橋在1986年取消了它的入學考試).
[10:41.31]But last February,Oxford University decided to abolish the exam
[10:44.39]但去年2月,牛津大學決定廢除入學考試
[10:47.47]to encourage more state school applicants.
[10:49.59]以鼓勵更大多公立學校的申請者.
[10:51.70]From autumn 1996,Oxford University applicants,
[10:54.58]從1996年秋天開始,牛津大學的申請者,
[10:57.45]like applicants to other universities,
[10:59.42]像其他大學申請者一樣,
[11:01.39]will be judged only on their A level results
[11:03.51]將根據(jù)其中學生高級考試成績
[11:05.63]and on their performance at interviews,
[11:07.60]及面試中的表現(xiàn)來判斷是否錄取,
[11:09.57]although some departments might still set special tests.
[11:11.95]盡管一些系可能仍然設置特別的考試.
[11:14.32]However,some argue that there's nothing wrong in having elite places of learning,
[11:17.45]然而,有人爭辯說,設置精英學校也沒什么不妥.
[11:20.57]and that by their very nature,these places should not be easily accessible.
[11:23.85]既然是精英學校,這些學校就不應該能夠輕易進入.
[11:27.12]Most countries are run by an elite
[11:29.01]大多數(shù)國家都由精英們管理著,
[11:30.89]and have centres of academic excellence from which the elite are recruited.
[11:33.83]有精英匯集的優(yōu)秀學術中心.
[11:36.76]Walter Ellis accepts that this is true:
[11:38.79]活爾特.埃利斯承認這是事實:
[11:40.81]"But in France,for example,there are something like 40 equivalents of university,
[11:44.20]"但在法國,例如:有40所同等大學
[11:47.58]which provide this elite through a much broader base.
[11:49.90]可以在更大廣泛的基礎上培養(yǎng)出精英.
[11:52.23]In America you've got the Ivy League,centred on Harvard and Yale,
[11:55.17]在美國有以哈佛大學,取魯大學為中心的,
[11:58.11]with Princeton and Stanford and others.
[12:00.03]還有普林斯頓大學和其他大學組成的常青藤聯(lián)合會.
[12:01.95]But again,those universities together
[12:04.18]但是,這些大學---
[12:06.41] the elite universities are about ten or fifteen in number,
[12:09.23]精英大學---大約有10到15所,
[12:12.06]and are being pushed along from behind by other great universities like
[12:14.99]又被其他一些好的大學,
[12:17.93]for example,Chicago and Berkeley.
[12:20.06]例如像芝加哥大學,加州大學伯克利分校由后面推動著.
[12:22.19]So you don't have just this narrow concentration
[12:26.63]of two universities providing a constantly replicating elite."
[12:29.31]這樣,就不公公狹窄地集中于兩所大學來不斷培養(yǎng)一代代精英了."
[12:31.99]When it comes to Oxford it comes to Oxford and Cambridge being elitist
[12:34.17]當談到牛津大學和劍橋大學能培養(yǎng)出精英來
[12:36.35]because of the number of private school pupils they accept,
[12:38.69]是因為它們接受了大量的私立學校學生時,
[12:41.03]Professor Stone of Oxford University argyles that there is a simple fact
[12:44.11]牛津大學的斯托思教授爭辯說他和他的同事不能忽視這樣一個簡單的事實:
[12:47.19]he and his associates cannot ignore:
[12:51.03]"If certain schools do better than others then we just have to accept it.
[12:53.92]"如果某些學校比其他學校做得好,那么我們就不得不接受它.
[12:56.80]We cannot be a place for remedial education.
[12:58.98]我們不是補救教育的地方,
[13:01.17]It's not what Oxford is there to do."
[13:03.05]這不是牛津大學要做的."
[13:04.93]However,since academic excellence does appear to be related to the amount of money spent per pupil,
[13:08.47]然而,既然優(yōu)秀學術的出現(xiàn)和花在第一個學生身上的錢的數(shù)目的確有關系,
[13:12.01]this does seem to imply that Prime Minister John Major's vision of Britain
[13:15.04]這似乎暗示了首相約翰.梅杰對英國
[13:18.07]as a classless society is still a long way off.
[13:20.55]作為一個無階級的社會的想象確有一段很長的路要走.
[13:23.03]And it may be worth remembering that while John Major didn't himself go to Oxbridge,
[13:25.92]也許值得記住的是:盡管約翰.梅杰本人沒有讀過牛津,劍橋,
[13:28.80]most of his ministers did.
[13:30.57]而他的大部分大臣都讀過.