大學英語自學教程下冊課文(帶字幕)10

[00:00.00]Unit 10 text A
[00:04.00]The Campaign for Election
[00:06.18]競選大戰(zhàn)
[00:08.36]Although presidential elections occur every 4 years,
[00:11.25] 雖然總統(tǒng)單行每四年舉行一次，
[00:14.13]many people feel that they do not have a true understanding
[00:20.38]of how presidential campaigns operate.
[00:22.86]許多人感到對競選大戰(zhàn)的動作沒有真正的理解。
[00:25.34]The winner in the November general election is almost certain
[00:32.42]to be either the Republican or the Democratic nominee.
[00:35.54] 11月份大選的獲勝者幾乎肯定是共和黨或民主黨的提名者。
[00:38.66]A minorparty or independent candidate,such as George Wallace in 1968
[00:42.54]小黨派或獨立候選人如1968年喬治華萊士,
[00:46.42]John Anderson in 1980,or Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996
[00:50.81]2980年的約翰.安德森或或1992和1996年的羅斯.佩羅,
[00:55.20]can draw votes away from the major-party nominees
[00:58.07]能從大黨的提名人那里拉走一些選票,
[01:00.94]but stands almost no chance of defeating them.
[01:03.43]但幾乎沒有可能戰(zhàn)勝他們.
[01:05.91]A major-party nominee has the critical advantage of support
[01:12.78]from the party faithful.
[01:14.54] 大黨提名人具有得到黨的踏實信徒支持這一關鍵的優(yōu)勢.
[01:16.30]Earlier in the twentieth century,
[01:18.28]20世紀早期,
[01:20.25]this support was so firm and steady
[01:22.63]這種支持是如此堅定,可靠,
[01:25.00]that the victory of the stronger party's candidate was almost a certainty.
[01:28.88]以至于較強從的黨派候選人的勝利幾乎是肯定的.
[01:32.76]Warren G.Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination at his Ohio home
[01:37.18]活化.G.哈定在俄亥俄州的家鄉(xiāng)接受了1920年共和黨的提名,
[01:41.59]stayed there throughout most of the campaign and won a full victory simply
[01:45.67]活化.G.哈定在俄亥俄州的家鄉(xiāng)接受了1920年共和黨的提名,
[01:49.74]because most of the voters of his time were Republicans.
[01:52.68]在競選大戰(zhàn)大部分是共和黨黨員.
[01:55.62]Party loyalty has declined in recent decades,
[01:58.49]在近幾年內,黨員對黨派的忠誠削弱了,
[02:01.36]but more than two-thirds of the nation's voters still identify themselves
[02:08.81]as Democrats or Republicans,
[02:11.13]但2/3強的國家的投票人依然認為他們自己是民主黨人或共和黨人,
[02:13.46]and most of them support their party's presidential candidate.
[02:16.44]他們大多支持他們自己黨派的總統(tǒng)候選人.
[02:19.42]Even Democrat George McGovern,
[02:21.79]即使民主黨人喬治.麥戈文,
[02:24.17]who had the lowest level of party support among recent nominees,
[02:27.55]在近來的候選人中擁有最低水平的黨派支持,
[02:30.94]was hacked in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his party's voters.
[02:35.06]1972年得到了近60%的他的黨派投票人的支持.
[02:39.19]Presidential candidates act strategically.
[02:42.01] 總統(tǒng)候選人的行為頗講究策略.
[02:44.83]In deciding whether to pursue a course of action,
[02:47.47]在決定是否遵循一項行動方針時,
[02:50.11]they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters.
[02:52.98]他們要晝估計一下該方針對投票人可能具有的影響.
[02:55.86]During the 1992 campaign,
[02:58.44]在1992年競選大戰(zhàn)期間,
[03:01.03]a sign on the wall of Clinton's headquarters in Little Rock read,
[03:04.25]在小石城克林頓競選總部的墻上有一個牌子,
[03:07.48]"The Economy,Stupid."
[03:09.66]上面寫"經(jīng)濟.蠢貨".
[03:11.84]The slogan was the idea of James Carville,C!inton's chief strategist
[03:16.22]這條標語是克林頓的首席戰(zhàn)略家詹姆斯.卡維也納爾的主意,
[03:20.59]and was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff
[03:23.87]意思是作為候選人和競選班子全體人員警醒語,
[03:27.15]to keep the campaign focusedon the nation's slow-moving economy,
[03:30.48]使這聲競選大戰(zhàn)集中在國家緩慢的經(jīng)濟上,
[03:33.81]which ultimately was the issue that defeated Bush.
[03:36.75]這成為最后擊敗布什的策略.
[03:39.69]As in 1980,when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times,
[03:44.56]因為在1980年,在經(jīng)濟困難時期,右米.卡特輸給了羅納德.里根,
[03:49.43]the voters were motivated largely by a desire for change.
[03:52.76]投票人的積極性主要是由改變的愿望激勵著.
[03:56.09]Candidates try to project a strong leadership image.
[03:59.07] 候選人盡力突出表現(xiàn)一種強有力的領導形象.
[04:02.05]Whether voters accept this image,however depends more on external factors
[04:05.33]然而,投票2 是否接受這一形象,
[04:08.61]than on a candidate's personal characteristics
[04:11.39]比起候選人的個人特點來更要依靠外部因素.
[04:14.17]In 1991,after the Gulf War,Bush's approval rating reached 91 percent
[04:18.60]在1991年海灣戰(zhàn)爭后,布什的支持率達了91%,
[04:23.03]the highest level recorded since polling began in the 1930s.
[04:26.25]是20世紀30年代民意測驗開始以來的最高紀錄.
[04:29.48]A year later,with the nation's economy in trouble
[04:32.31]一個后,國家經(jīng)濟處于困境,
[04:35.15]Bush's approval rating dropped below 40 percent.
[04:38.18]布什的支持率降低到40%以下.
[04:41.21]Bush tried to stir images of his strong leadership of the war
[04:44.43]布什盡力去激起人們對他在戰(zhàn)爭時期的強有力的領導形象的回憶,
[04:47.66]but voters remained concerned about the economy.
[04:50.39]但投票人依然關心經(jīng)濟問題.
[04:53.12]The candidates'strategies are shaped by many considerations
[04:56.35] 候選人的策略的形成要考慮到許多因素,
[04:59.57]including the constitutional provision that each state
[05:03.11]包括憲法的這一條款:
[05:06.65]shall have electoral votes equal in number to its representation in Congress.
[05:15.19]Each state thus gets two electoral votes for its Senate representation
[05:19.16]每個州具有的選舉人票的數(shù)量與其在國會中的代表人數(shù)相等.
[05:23.13]and a varying number of electoral votes depending on its House representation
[05:26.82]這樣每個州因其參議院代表得到兩張選舉人票,依靠其眾議院代表得到不同數(shù)量的選舉人票.
[05:30.50]Altogether,there are 538 electoral votes
[05:33.60]總共有538張選舉人票
[05:36.69](including three for the District of Colurbia,
[05:41.73]even though it has no voting representatives in Congress).
[05:44.31](包括3張哥倫比亞特區(qū)的,盡管它在設計院沒有投票議員).
[05:46.88]To win the presidency,a candidate must receive at least 270 votes
[05:55.71]an electoral majority.
[05:57.75]要贏得總統(tǒng)職務,一個候選人必須得到至少270張選票,即選舉的多數(shù)票.
[05:59.78]Candidates are particularly concerned with winning the states
[06:05.74]which have the largest population,
[06:07.87] 候選人特別關注贏得人口最多的州,
[06:10.00]such as California (with 54 electoral votes)New York (33),
[06:14.27]如加利福尼亞州(有54張選舉人票),紐約州(33張),
[06:18.54]Texas (32),Florida(25),Pennsylvania(23),Illinois (22),and Ohio (21).
[06:25.92]德克薩斯州(32張),佛羅里達州(25張),賓夕法尼亞州(23張),伊里諾斯州(22張)和俄亥俄州(21張).
[06:33.30]Victory in the eleven largest states alonewould provide an electoral majority,
[06:37.22]僅僅在11個最大的州的勝利就可提供選舉的大多數(shù),
[06:41.14]and presidential candidates therefore spend most of their time
[06:47.38]campaigning in those states.
[06:49.56]因此總統(tǒng)候選人在那些州花費大部分時間進行活動.
[06:51.74]Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992
[06:56.22] 1992年,克林頓只得到43%的大眾選票,
[07:00.70]compared with Bush's 38 percent and Perot's 19 percent;
[07:04.08]相比之下布什得到38%,佩羅的是19%.
[07:07.47]but Clinton won in states that gave him an overwhelming
[07:11.10]但克林頓獲勝的州給了他壓倒優(yōu)勢的
[07:14.73]370 electoral votescompared with 168 for Bush and none for Perot.
[07:19.86]370張選舉人票,相比之下給了布什168張,佩羅1張也沒有.
[07:25.00]Text B
[07:27.87]The American Two-party System
[07:29.79]美國的兩黨制
[07:31.71]No one now living in the United States can remember when the contest began
[07:34.79] 現(xiàn)在生活在美國的人沒有人能記起
[07:37.87]between the Democratic and the Republican parties.
[07:40.06]民主黨和共和黨之間的競爭是什么時候開始的.
[07:42.24]It has been going on for more than a century
[07:44.26]這種競爭已經(jīng)進行了一個多世紀,
[07:46.29]making it one of the oldest political rivalries in the world.
[07:48.72]是世界上最早的政治競爭之一.
[07:51.14]The American political-system is a classical example of the two party system
[07:54.57] 美國的政治體制是兩黨帛的典型范例.
[07:57.99]When we say that we have a two-party system in the United States
[08:03.13]we do not mean that we have only two parties.
[08:05.32]當我們說美國有兩黨制時,并不是指只有兩個政黨.
[08:07.50]Usually about a dozen parties nominate presidential candidates
[08:10.23]通常約有十幾個政黨提名總統(tǒng)候選人.
[08:12.96]We call it a two-party system because we have two large parties
[08:18.91]and a number of small parties,
[08:20.65]我們之所以稱之為兩黨制,是因為有兩個大黨派和許多小黨派.
[08:22.39]and the large parties are so large that we often forget about the rest.
[08:25.51]大黨派很大以致于我們常常忘記其他的小黨派.
[08:28.63]Usually the small parties collectively poll
[08:30.85]大黨派很大以致于我們常常忘記其他的小黨派.
[08:33.07]less than 5 per cent of the votecast in national elections.
[08:35.74]通常小黨派合在一起在僵選舉中得票低于全國所投票數(shù)的5%.
[08:38.40]The Democratic and Republican parties
[08:40.39]在美國社會里,
[08:42.37]are the largest and most competitive organizations in the American community.
[08:45.31]民主黨和共和黨是最大和最有競爭力的組織.
[08:48.25]They organize the electorate very simply by maintaining the two-party system
[08:51.33]他們通過維持兩黨制,很容易地組織選民.
[08:54.41]Americans almost inevitably become Democrats or Republicans
[08:59.77]because there is usually no other place for them to go.
[09:02.09]因為通常沒有其他地方可去,美國人幾乎無可避免地成為民主黨員或共和黨員.
[09:04.42]Moreover,because the rivalry of these parties is very old
[09:07.30]此外,因為這些黨的競爭歷史很久,
[09:10.19]most'Americans know where they belong in the system.
[09:12.52]多數(shù)美國人知道自己屬于兩黨制中的哪一派.
[09:14.84]As a consequence of the dominance of the major parties
[09:19.57]most elected officials are either Republicans or Democrats.
[09:25.13]Attempts to break up this old system have been made
[09:29.57]in every presidential election in the past one hundred years,
[09:32.00]在過去的100年里,每年的總統(tǒng)選舉中都進行了一些打破舊體制的嘗試,
[09:34.43]but the the system has survived all assaults.
[09:38.59]How does it happen
[09:41.54]that the two-party system is so strongly rooted in American politics?
[09:44.46] 兩黨制能如此堅實地扎根于美國政治中,這是怎么發(fā)生的呢?
[09:47.39]The explanation is probobly to be found in the way elections are conducted.
[09:50.42]人們可能在選舉的動作方式中找到解釋.
[09:53.45]In the United Statesunlike countries with a parli amentary system of government,
[09:56.58]在美國,不像政府議會制國家,
[09:59.72]we elect not only the President,
[10:01.48]我們不僅選舉總統(tǒng),
[10:03.25]but a large number of other officials about 800,000 of them.
[10:06.12]而且還選舉許多官員,他們大約有80萬人.
[10:08.99]We also elect congress men from single-member districts.
[10:11.63]國會議員也是從每區(qū)一票的選舉中選出的.
[10:14.27]For example,we elect 435 members of the House of Representatives
[10:20.80]from 435 districts (there are a few exceptions),
[10:26.65]one member for each district.
[10:28.53]例如:我們從435個選區(qū)(有一些例外)選舉435名參議員,例如:我們從435個選區(qū)(有一些例外)選舉435名參議員,每一個選區(qū)選舉一名參議員.
[10:30.41]Statistically this kind of election favors the major parties.
[10:33.23]據(jù)統(tǒng)計,這種選舉對大黨派有利.
[10:36.06]The system of elections makes it easy
[10:39.90]for the major parties to maintain their dominant position,
[10:42.23]選舉制度使大黨輕而易舉地保持著他們的統(tǒng)治地位,
[10:44.57]because they are likely to win more than their share of the offices.
[10:47.14]因為他們贏得的席位可能比他們應得的份額多.
[10:49.72]One of the great consequences of the system
[10:53.69]is that produces majorities automatically.
[10:55.82] 這種制度的最大結果就是它自動地產(chǎn)生了多數(shù)黨.
[10:57.95]Because there are only two competiwrs in the running,
[11:02.31]it is almost inevitable that one will receive a majority.
[11:04.88]因為只有兩個競爭者參加競選,
[11:07.45]Moreover,
[11:10.20]the system tends slightly to exaggerate the victory of the winning party.
[11:12.98]幾乎可以肯定其中一個將贏得多數(shù).
[11:15.76]This is not always true,
[11:17.45]事情并非總是這樣,
[11:19.13]but the strong tendency to produce majoritiesis built into the system.
[11:22.01]但產(chǎn)生多數(shù)黨的巨大傾向在這種制度中形成了.
[11:24.88]In over 200 years of constitutional history,
[11:27.16]在200多年的憲法史中,
[11:29.45]Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed
[11:32.23]美國人對兩黨制和管理方式已經(jīng)有了很多了解,
[11:35.01]so as to make possible the peaceful trans fer of powerfrom one party to the other.
[11:38.14]以使權力能夠和平地從一個政黨移交到另一個政黨.
[11:41.26]At the level of presidential elections,
[11:43.24]在總統(tǒng)選舉中,
[11:45.23]the party in power has been overturned by the party out of power nineteen times,
[11:48.35]執(zhí)政黨已被在野黨擊敗了19次,
[11:51.47]almost once a decade.
[11:53.05]幾乎每十年一次.
[11:54.63]In the election of 1860,the political system broke down and the Civil War,
[11:58.21]在1860年的選舉中,這種政治制度中斷了.
[12:01.79]the worst disaster American history,resulted.
[12:04.02]這是因為南北戰(zhàn)爭--美國歷史上最大的災難所致.
[12:06.26]Our history justifies our confidence in the system
[12:08.48]我國(美國)的歷史證明我們有理由對這一制度保持信心,
[12:10.70]but also shows that it is not foolproof.
[12:12.83]但歷史也表明這一制度不是萬無一失的.
[12:14.96]The second major party is able to survive a defeat
[12:19.50]because the statistical tendency that exaggerates the victory of the winning party
[12:22.47] 第二大黨能在失敗下繼續(xù)生存,因為夸大獲勝黨的統(tǒng)計
[12:25.43]operates even more strongly in favor of the second party
[12:27.91]甚而更有力地支持第二大黨,
[12:30.39]against the third,fourth,and fifth parties,
[12:32.72]反對第三,第四,第五黨派.
[12:35.04]As a result,
[12:36.43]因此,
[12:37.81]the defeated major party is able to maintaina monopoly of the opposition.
[12:40.74]失敗的大學能夠保持對立的壟斷.
[12:43.66]The advantage of the second party over the third is so great,
[12:46.16]第二大黨相對于第三派有巨大的優(yōu)勢,
[12:48.65]that it is the only party that is likely to be able to overturn the party in power.
[12:51.88]它是惟一可能擊敗執(zhí)政黨的黨派.
[12:55.11]It is able,therefore,
[12:58.66]to attract the support of everyone seriously opposed to the party in power.
[13:01.54]因此,能夠吸引強烈反對執(zhí)政黨的每一個黨派的支持.
[13:04.43]The second party is important
[13:08.27]as long as it can monopolize the movement to overthrow the party in power,
[13:11.25]只要第二大黨能夠壟斷擊敗執(zhí)政黨的運動,它就是重要的,
[13:14.23]because it is certain to come into power sooner or later.
[13:16.96]因為遲早它肯定能上臺執(zhí)政.
[13:19.69]Another consequence of the two-party system
[13:22.26]兩黨制另一個結果是:
[13:24.83]is that where as minor parties are likely to identify themselves
[13:30.19]with special interests or special programs and thus take extreme positions
[13:33.47]鑒于小黨派可能把自己與特殊的利益和特殊的綱領認同為一,
[13:36.74]the major parties are so large that they tend to be moderate.
[13:39.38]因而采取極端立場,而大黨很大所以傾向于溫和.
[13:42.02]Evidence of the moderation of the major parties
[13:46.28]is that much business is conducted across party Lines.
[13:48.76]大黨的溫和傾向的證據(jù)是許多事物都是超越黨派界限進行的.
[13:51.24]What happens when the Democrats control one house of Congress
[13:56.10]and the Republicans control the other?
[13:57.98]當民主黨控制國會的一個院而共和黨控制另一個院時,會發(fā)生什么呢?
[13:59.86]About the same volume of legislation is passed
[14:02.15]像一個黨控制國會兩院一樣,
[14:04.43]as when one party controls both houses,
[14:06.62]大約相同卷冊的法規(guī)會得到批準,
[14:08.80]although some important legislation is likely to be blocked temporarily
[14:11.83]雖然一些重要法規(guī)可能被擱置.
[14:14.86]It is possible to carry on the work of the government
[14:17.04]政府工作還是能夠進行的.
[14:19.22]even when party control is divided
[14:21.10]即使兩個黨控制不同部門時,
[14:22.98]because party differences are not fundamental.
[14:25.16]因為黨派的分歧不是根本的,