高中英語河北版上unit8

00:00.00]Unit Eight New ideas and Inventions [00:-1.00]China has produced many inventors throughout history. [00:-2.00]Studies show that from the 6th century B.C.to the 16th century A.D., [00:-3.00]there were 298 major inventions and discoveries in the world, [00:-4.00]among which 178 were made by China alone! [00:-5.00]A mind once stretched by a new idea [00:-6.00]never regains its original dimension.-Ancient Proverb [00:-7.00]Section 1 New words and ideas The Invention of Explosives [00:-8.00]Some ancient Chinese alchemists were mixing some ingredients together [00:-9.00]to form something they thught would make them live forever. [00:10.00]They put their mixture on a small fire,not knowing they had made a mistake. [00:11.00]The mixture started to bubble and boil. [00:12.00]Then it burst into flames,burning down thier hut. [00:13.00]Without knowing it,these ancient alchemists had made the first explosives. [00:14.00]The ancient Chinese realized after a long while [00:15.00]that the mixture that the alchemists had made could be used on something different. [00:16.00]They mixed many other ingredients together [00:17.00]and after repeated failures they found the answer. [00:18.00]They were pleased with their accomplishment. [00:19.00]At first,the Chinese did not use their new creation for war. [00:20.00]They made the first fireworks our of the new material. [00:21.00]They used their fireworks as signals for many things [00:22.00]such as signaling that another army was approaching. [00:23.00]The Chinese kept developing their creation,not using their knowledge for war. [00:24.00]Eventually,they did design a weapon that was powerful. [00:25.00]They took a hollowed piece of bamboo and filled it with the powder. [00:26.00]Then they stuffed arrows in it.These were the first rockets. [00:27.00]Later the secret of the invention leaked to the Arabs [00:28.00]who absorbed the new knowledge quickly. [00:29.00]The Arabs made similar weapons.They brought the knowledge westward, [00:30.00]introducing it to the Europeans who absorbed it quickly. [00:31.00]The age of explosives began. [00:32.00]In the 1200's,Roger Bacon,a European,was interested in the new knowledge. [00:33.00]He studied it and tested it over and over. [00:34.00]After many months,he found the perfect solution. [00:35.00]Roger Bacon made,and recorded, [00:36.00]the first black powder(the early form of gunpowder). [00:37.00]One hundred years later, [00:38.00]a man named berthold Schwarts looked into this black powder. [00:39.00]Bacon did not get credit for making the black powder [00:40.00]because he didn't use his invention. [00:41.00]Schwarts saw this and put his mind to work. [00:42.00]He tried many things and finally thought of a great idea. [00:43.00]Schwarts took a long iron tube and closed one end except for a tiny hole. [00:44.00]He filled the tube with the black powder and stuffed a small stone in it. [00:45.00]He touched a flame to the tiny hole [00:46.00]and the stone shot through the air with great speed. [00:47.00]Schwarts had invented guns.Soon,guns became cannons. [00:48.00]The age when the rich lords could sit in their castles and feel safe was over. [00:49.00]A new age of darkness bagan. [00:50.00]Gunpowder also sped up the slow process of digging up stones. [00:51.00]It could be used to blow stones out of the ground. [00:52.00]Before,only the rich people could have stone house. [00:53.00]Now even some poor people could have a house of stone. [00:54.00]This was a great technological step forward. [00:55.00]Five-hundred years after Schwarts made the first guns, [00:56.00]an Italian scientist was added to the list of inventors [00:57.00]with his creation of a dangerous and unstable mixture. [00:58.00]In the 19th century,a new idea came into Alfred Nobel's head. [00:59.00]he tried putting dry remains of sea animals into this unstable mixture. [-1:00.00]He tested the new substance and found that it worked. [-1:-1.00]This was one of many great inventions. [-1:-2.00]Nobel named his invention dynamite,one of the first high explosives. [-1:-3.00]People used the new explosive for excavating and tunnelling. [-1:-4.00]Nobel became very rich and famous. [-1:-5.00]Many years later,Alfred Nobel died.He left his money for prizes. [-1:-6.00]Those who did best in certain fields were rewarded for their work. [-1:-7.00]Every year,the prizes were,and still are,given to the best in chemistry, [-1:-8.00]medicine,physics,literature,and the promotion of peace. [-1:-9.00]Section 2 Meaning through practice [-1:10.00]C.Build your listening skills [-1:11.00]Listen to the passage about an important Chinese invention [-1:12.00]and fill in the blanks. [-1:13.00]For centuries,riches,_____,information and ____ [-1:14.00]flowed between the easternmost parts of ___. [-1:15.00]deserts in the Middle East,the kingdoms of Southern Africa, [-1:16.00]and the ___ of Western Europe. [-1:17.00]The ancient___civilization,for example, [-1:18.00]contributed many things that are now used all over the world. [-1:19.00]Perhaps the most important of all of these was paper_____! [-1:20.00]Originally,the Chinese called this"____money", [-1:21.00]because it was so____that it could easily blow out of one's_____. [-1:22.00]As early as 650 A.D.,the____of China issued paper"tokens"to the Chinese people. [-1:23.00]By the 10th century,paper money was____all over China. [-1:24.00]____hundred years later,paper money started to come into use in____. [-1:25.00]Section 4 Reading to get up early [-1:26.00]A New Bed for you [-1:27.00]Is it difficult for you to get up in the morning? [-1:28.00]Do you sometimes oversleep?Are you often late for work or school? [-1:29.00]Yes?Then Hiroyuki Sugiyama of Japan has a special bed for you. [-1:30.00]Hiroyuki's be will get you up in the morning!Here is how it works. [-1:31.00]The bed is connected to an alarm clock. [-1:32.00]First,the alarm clocking rings.You have a few minutes to wake up. [-1:33.00]Next,a tape recorder in the bed plays soft music or other pleasant sounds. [-1:34.00]The tape recorder in Hiroyuki's bed plays a recording of his girlfriend. [-1:35.00]She whispers in a sweet voice,"wake up,darling,please." [-1:36.00]A few minutes later a second recording plays. [-1:37.00]The second recording can be loud music or unpleasant sounds. [-1:38.00]Hiroyuki hears a recording of his boss. [-1:39.00]His boss shouts,"Wake up immediately,or you'll be late!" [-1:40.00]If you don't get up after the second recording,you'll be sorry! [-1:41.00]A mechanical"foot"is in the bed.The mechanical foot kicks you in the head. [-1:42.00]Then the bed waits a few more minutes.What!You're still in bed! [-1:43.00]Slowly the top of the bed rises higher and higher. [-1:44.00]The foot of the bed goes lower and lower. [-1:45.00]Finally,the bed si vertical.You slide off the bed and onto the floor. [-1:46.00]You are out of bed and awake! [-1:47.00]Hiroyuki made his bed because he wanted to win a contest. [-1:48.00]He works for Honda Motor Company. [-1:49.00]Once every two years Honda has a contest for its 2000 000 employees [-1:50.00]-the"All-Honda Idea Contest."The employees think of new ideas. [-1:51.00]If their ideas win,the employees win prizes. [-1:52.00]Hiroyuki Sugiyama won one of the top prizes for his bed. [-1:53.00]Hiroyuki wanted to win a prize.He also wanted to solve a problem. [-1:54.00]"Getting up in the morning is difficult for me,"he said. [-1:55.00]"Often I am almost late for work.Maybe this bed will solve my problem." [-1:56.00]Hiroyuki's bed is not in stores. [-1:57.00]There is only one bed-the bed Hiroyuki made for the contest. [-1:58.00]Maybe someday a company will make Hiroyuki's bed and sell it in stores. [-1:59.00]Maybe people will buy millions of the beds. [-2:00.00]Then Hiroyuki rich,If the bed makes Hiroyuki rich, [-2:-1.00]it certainly will solve his problem. [-2:-2.00]Hiroyuki will have a lot of money.He won't need to go to work, [-2:-3.00]and he won't need to get up early! [-2:-4.00]Reading for information The miracle machine [-2:-5.00]Computers affect the lives of many people in many ways. [-2:-6.00]From digital watches,to controlling the economy,computers have affected society[-2:-7.00]Over the years,they have changed from huge rooms [-2:-8.00]full of equipment used by a few scientists, [-2:-9.00]to handy little tools that can be carried anywhere. [-2:10.00]Many people have never heard the history behind this miracle machine [-2:11.00]that is changing the way we work and play. [-2:12.00]The idea that a machine could be built to add and subtract was an early step. [-2:13.00]The abacus,a gadget with beads on wires,was developed long ago to help do this. [-2:14.00]In 1642,Blaise Pascal developed another machine. [-2:15.00]This one had numbered dials [-2:16.00]that could be turned to add or subtract columns of numbers. [-2:17.00]Another"thread"in the history of the computer [-2:18.00]was the invention of looms that were controlled by punched paper tape or cards. [-2:19.00]The most advanced of these was the Jacquard loom,invented in 1801. [-2:20.00]The holes in the cards moved up and down to create the pattern in the cloth. [-2:21.00]These "up"and"down"patterns were adapted to the"on"and "off", [-2:22.00]or 1 and 0,system that is the basis for all computer languages. [-2:23.00]These two areas were combined by Charles Babbage in 1834. [-2:24.00]His "engine"could have been used to solve many number problems[-2:25.00]However,the machine designed by Babbage [-2:26.00]was beyond the manufacturing abilities of that time. [-2:27.00]His "analytical enging"was never built. [-2:28.00]The first ture digital computer were built between 1934 and 1946. [-2:29.00]At the end of this period of time,the most-advanced computer(the ENIAC) [-2:30.00]was able to perform 5000 additions per second. [-2:31.00]This machine weighed about thirty tons and filled a large room [-2:32.00]-large and slow by today's standards. [-2:33.00]It is the grandfather of all the microcomputers and pocket calculators used today. [-2:34.00]Reading for new ideas The edible cup [-2:35.00]EDMONTON,ALBERTA- [-2:36.00]Are you worried about the environment? [-2:37.00]Do yu feel bad when you throw away paper cups and packaging? [-2:38.00]Paper comes from trees,and we are using too many of them. [-2:39.00]Trees keep our air clean by taking in carbon dioxide and sending out oxygen. [-2:40.00]Fewer trees mean polluted air. [-2:41.00]Garbge is another problem.There is nowhere to put it. [-2:42.00]But you like the idea of take-out food,right? [-2:43.00]No problem.Eat your lunch,drink your coffee,then eat the container! [-2:44.00]It's a great idea-an edible food container. [-2:45.00]Food science professor Buncha Ooraikul plans to make edible containers [-2:46.00]for such things as coffee,soft drinks,hamburgers,French fries,and yogurt. [-2:47.00]He places tow cups on his desk. [-2:48.00]They look like foam cups,but they are different colours: [-2:49.00]cream and reddish-brown.Break off a small piece of the cup and yes, [-2:50.00]it is delicious! [-2:51.00]"You can add any flavour you want,"says Ooraikul,"coffee,bacon..." [-2:52.00]Companies can also and print to the cups with edible ink. [-2:53.00]Buncha says,"The cups don't leak. [-2:54.00]They can hold hot or cold liquild for at least two hurs." [-2:55.00]He pours steaming hot coffee into one and lets it sit on his desk. [-2:56.00]The cups are made of wheat flour and potatoes. [-2:57.00]The complete recipe is a secret. [-2:58.00]He agrees that edible food contaners are not now. [-2:59.00]Ice cream cones are also containers you can eat. [-3:00.00]Ooraikul needs#2.5million to finish work, [-3:-1.00]open a factory,and start his business. [-3:-2.00]So far,he has only received between$20000 and $25000. [-3:-3.00]The cup of hot coffee on Buncha's desk is now soft,but it hasn't leaked. [-3:-4.00]If the professor can complete his work, [-3:-5.00]maybe someday we can have our cup and eat it too! [-3:-6.00]Reading for inspiration [-3:-7.00]Where did Basketball games come from? [-3:-8.00]Games don't come with built-in rulebooks and uniforms. [-3:-9.00]They develop over time from activities of people playing for fun. [-3:10.00]For example,basketball was invented to help American football players [-3:11.00]have fun and stay in shape in the cold winter months. [-3:12.00]Here is the story.James Naismith had a problem. [-3:13.00]It was cold and snowy outside the Yong Men's Christian Association(YMCA), [-3:14.00]in the U.S.A,where he worked. [-3:15.00]Athletes on the baseball and football teams were sitting around [-3:16.00]getting bored and out of shape. [-3:17.00]Naismith was asked to think up an indoor game to get them in shape. [-3:18.00]What could Naimith do? [-3:19.00]He went to the storeroom and brought up a socer ball. [-3:20.00]Then he asked the caretaker to find two boxes [-3:21.00]to nail to the wall at opposite ends of their small gymnasium. [-3:22.00]The Janitor couldn't find any boxes,so he brought up two old peach baskets. [-3:23.00]They worked just fine. [-3:24.00]The first two points in the first basketball game ever [-3:25.00]were scored by an overweight football player [-3:26.00]who received a bounce pass from a friend and did a jump shot [-3:27.00]with a soccer ball into a peach basket.

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