國際關(guān)系英語詞匯大全Unit 11

　　1.National security

　　National security is the requirement to maintain the survival of the state through the use of economic power, diplomacy, power projection and political power. The concept developed mostly in the United States after World War II. Initially focusing on military might, it now encompasses a broad range of facets, all of which impinge on the non-military or economic security of the nation and the values espoused by the national society.

　　1.國家安全

　　國家安全，泛指透過使用經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、政治、外交等各種手段，來維護(hù)國家的持續(xù)存在。在過去，國家安全泛指以國防維持領(lǐng)土的完整，與政治上的獨(dú)立自主，不受任何外來軍事勢力的威脅。在今日則包括了任何以非軍事的方式，去對(duì)抗非傳統(tǒng)的外來或內(nèi)部威脅，守護(hù)國民的生命與財(cái)產(chǎn)，使國民免于憂慮、免于恐懼與免于匱乏。

　　2.Constitutionalism

　　Constitutionalism is "a complex of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law".

　　2.憲政主義

　　憲政主義又稱立憲主義，是一種主張國家權(quán)力來自并被一部基本法律約束的政治思想、規(guī)定公民權(quán)利的學(xué)說或理念，也是目前部分民主國家的現(xiàn)狀。這種理念要求政府所有權(quán)力的行使都納入憲法的軌道，并受憲法的制約，使政治運(yùn)作進(jìn)入法律化理想狀態(tài)。憲法強(qiáng)調(diào)法律具有凌駕于包括政府在內(nèi)的一切的法治的必要性。

　　3.Self-determination

　　The right of nations to self-determination is a cardinal principle in modern international law, binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter’s norms. It states that nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of opportunity have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no external compulsion or interference which can be traced back to the Atlantic Charter, signed on 14 August 1941, by Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States of America, and Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom who pledged The Eight Principal points of the Charter.

　　3.民族自決

　　自決(有時(shí)會(huì)被稱為民族自決)是指，根據(jù)聯(lián)合國憲章和國際法，在沒有外部壓迫或干擾的情況下，人民可以自由決定他們的政治地位，并自由謀求他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和文化的發(fā)展。自決的權(quán)利被稱為自決權(quán)(或稱為民族自決權(quán))，而其所依據(jù)的原則，被稱為民族自決原則。但它并沒有說明自決權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)方式，或者自決后應(yīng)該是什么樣的結(jié)果，從原國家獨(dú)立、與原國家組建聯(lián)邦、成為保護(hù)國、某種程度上的自治亦或者與原國家完全同化。也沒有說明，民族之間的界限是什么，什么條件下才可以組成一個(gè)民族。