國際關(guān)系英語詞匯大全Unit 12

　　1.critical theory

　　Critical theory is a school of thought that stresses the reflective assessment and critique of society and culture by applying knowledge from the social sciences and the humanities. As a term, critical theory has two meanings with different origins and histories: the first originated in sociology and the second originated in literary criticism, whereby it is used and applied as an umbrella term that can describe a theory founded upon critique; thus, the theorist Max Horkheimer described a theory as critical insofar as it seeks "to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them."

　　1.批判理論

　　在人文與社會(huì)科學(xué)中，批判理論這個(gè)名詞通常用來指稱各個(gè)領(lǐng)域里的新興理論(約略從1960年代開始)，其中有結(jié)構(gòu)主義、后結(jié)構(gòu)主義、解構(gòu)、馬克思主義、女性主義……等等。而與它相關(guān)的領(lǐng)域之發(fā)展則包含有文學(xué)理論(這常常是批判理論的一個(gè)粗略同義詞)、文化研究、美學(xué)、理論社會(huì)學(xué)、社會(huì)理論、歐陸哲學(xué)等等。

　　2.public choice theory

　　Public choice or public choice theory refers to "the use of economic tools to deal with traditional problems of political science". Its content includes the study of political behavior. In political science, it is the subset of positive political theory that studies self-interested agents (voters, politicians, bureaucrats) and their interactions, which can be represented in a number of ways, such as standard constrained utility maximization, game theory, or decision theory. Public choice analysis has roots in positive analysis ("what is") but is often used for normative purposes ("what ought to be") in order to identify a problem or suggest improvements to constitutional rules (i.e., constitutional economics).

　　2.公共選擇理論

　　公共選擇理論是一種以現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分析民主立憲制政府的各種問題的學(xué)科，傳統(tǒng)上是屬于政治學(xué)的范疇(對此更為普遍的稱呼則是“政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)”，但應(yīng)該注意這不可和馬克思主義對這詞的定義混為一談)。公共選擇理論研究選民、政治人物、以及政府官員們的行為，假設(shè)他們都是出于私利而采取行動(dòng)的個(gè)人，以此研究他們在民主體制或其他類似的社會(huì)體制下進(jìn)行的互動(dòng)。公共選擇理論也采用許多不同的研究工具進(jìn)行研究，包括了研究對效用最大化的局限、博弈論、或決策論。公共選擇理論的分析方式很大一部分是根基于實(shí)證分析的方法上(“這是什么”);但卻是將此作為研究規(guī)范(“這應(yīng)該是什么”)的工具，以探索問題的所在點(diǎn)、并研究如何在憲政體制內(nèi)改善這些問題。公共選擇理論提出的主要基礎(chǔ)之一是理性選擇理論(Rational choice)，假設(shè)人們的行為都是出自從有限的可用手段里挑選達(dá)成目標(biāo)的途徑。另一個(gè)研究目標(biāo)不同、但卻有相同研究基礎(chǔ)的學(xué)科則是實(shí)證政治理論(Positive political theory)。而社會(huì)選擇理論(Social choice theory)也是一個(gè)相關(guān)聯(lián)的研究領(lǐng)域。

　　3.attachment theory

　　Attachment theory is a psychological model that attempts to describe the dynamics of long-term interpersonal relationships between humans. However, ‘attachment theory is not formulated as a general theory of relationships. It addresses only a specific facet’ (Waters et al. 2005: 81): how human beings respond within relationships when hurt, separated from loved ones, or perceiving a threat. In infants, attachment as a motivational and behavioral system directs the child to seek proximity with a familiar caregiver when they are alarmed, with the expectation that they will receive protection and emotional support. Bowlby believed that the tendency for primate infants to develop attachments to familiar caregivers was the result of evolutionary pressures, since attachment behavior would facilitate the infant’s survival in the face of dangers such as predation or exposure to the elements.

　　3.依附理論

　　依附理論是一種心理學(xué)、演化、動(dòng)物行為學(xué)理論，旨在探討“人際關(guān)系”：二或多個(gè)個(gè)體間的感情紐帶。依附理論最重要的原則是，幼童因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)與情感需求，而至少與一名主要照顧者發(fā)展出親近關(guān)系，否則將造成其心理與交際功能長久的不健全。此理論是由精神病學(xué)家、精神分析學(xué)家約翰·鮑比所提出。