國際關(guān)系英語詞匯大全Unit 19

　　1.Autonomous administrative division

　　An autonomous administrative division is an administrative division of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or freedom from an external authority. Typically it is either geographically distinct from the rest of the country or populated by a national minority. Decentralization of self-governing powers and functions to such divisions is a way for a national government to try to increase democratic participation or administrative efficiency and/or to defuse internal conflicts. Countries that include autonomous areas may be federacies, federations, or confederations. Autonomous areas can be divided into territorial autonomies, subregional territorial autonomies, and local autonomies.

　　1.自治地方

　　自治地方(自治體)是國家政治制度的一種，多為第一級地方政權(quán)，也可為最基層的居民自治組織，相對于中央集權(quán)制來說，屬于地方分權(quán)的概念。世界上很多國家依據(jù)其政治制度的不同，不同程度地在全境、局部地區(qū)如少數(shù)民族聚居地實行自治地方制度;如很多國家的海外屬地和領(lǐng)地具備高度自治的權(quán)力，并發(fā)展為有別于母國的政治實體。

　　2.Dominion

　　Dominions were autonomous polities that were nominally under the Crown, constituting the British Empire and British Commonwealth, beginning in the later part of the 19th century. They included Canada, Australia, Pakistan, India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), New Zealand, Newfoundland, South Africa, and the Irish Free State. The Balfour Declaration of 1926 recognised the Dominions as "autonomous Communities within the British Empire" and, in the decades afterward, the dominions each became fully sovereign from the United Kingdom. Those that became sovereign constitutional monarchies within the Commonwealth of Nations and maintained as their own the same royal house and royal succession from before full sovereignty became known after the year 1953 as Commonwealth realms.Earlier usage of "dominion" to refer to a particular territory dates back to the 16th century and was sometimes used to describe Wales from 1535 to around 1800.

　　2.自治領(lǐng)

　　自治領(lǐng)是大英帝國殖民地制度下一個特殊的國家體制，可說是殖民地步向獨立的最后一步。19世紀，所有實行自治或半自治的英國殖民地，尤其那些已具有自身憲政體制的，如加拿大、澳洲等，都稱為自治領(lǐng)。它們都是由直轄殖民地(Crown Colony)或自治殖民地(Self-Governing Colony)進化為自治領(lǐng)。

　　3.Autonomous prefectures of China

　　Autonomous prefectures are one type of autonomous areas of China, existing at the prefectural level, with either ethnic minorities forming over 50% of the population or being the historic home of significant minorities. All autonomous prefectures are mostly dominated, in population, by the Han Chinese. The official name of an autonomous prefecture includes the most dominant minority in that region, sometimes two, rarely three. For example, a Kazakh (Kazak in official naming system) prefecture may be called Kazak Zizhizhou. Like all other prefectural level divisions, autonomous prefectures are divided into county level divisions. There is one exception: Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture contains two prefectures of its own. Under the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, autonomous prefectures cannot be abolished.

　　3.自治州

　　自治州，是一種行政區(qū)劃名稱。在中華人民共和國境內(nèi)，自治州為民族自治地方，地位介于省一級與縣一級之間，屬于地級行政區(qū)，為第二級地方行政單位。按照憲法的規(guī)定，民族自治地方享受很高的自我管理權(quán)利。中國大陸設(shè)立自治州的有省和自治區(qū)。自治州管轄的縣級行政區(qū)為縣、自治縣、縣級市。至2012年末，中國大陸共有30個自治州。民族自治州通常亦簡稱為“州”，如延邊朝鮮族自治州簡稱“延邊州”。