國際關(guān)系英語詞匯大全Unit 61

　　1.Auguste Comte

　　Isidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte (19 January 1798 – 5 September 1857), better known as Auguste Comte, was a French philosopher. He was a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism. He is sometimes regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term. Comte's social theories culminated in the "Religion of Humanity", which influenced the development of religious humanist and secular humanist organizations in the 19th century. Comte likewise coined the word altruisme (altruism).

　　1.奧古斯特·孔德

　　奧古斯特·孔德(1798年1月19日-1857年9月5日)(“孔德”舊一譯“喀謨德”)是法國著名的哲學(xué)家，社會(huì)學(xué)、實(shí)證主義的創(chuàng)始人。他認(rèn)為人類社會(huì)有統(tǒng)一性。人性中的感性是推動(dòng)社會(huì)發(fā)展的動(dòng)力。人性中的才智是推動(dòng)社會(huì)發(fā)展的工具。因而理想社會(huì)應(yīng)該是人人都有實(shí)證思想，企業(yè)家或科學(xué)家當(dāng)主管，科學(xué)用來指導(dǎo)生活，沒有戰(zhàn)爭，很有秩序的工業(yè)社會(huì)。在那兒，大家有統(tǒng)一的信仰，教權(quán)很重，人人都輕視世俗中按才智區(qū)分的地位，而重視精神上的地位。過去的社會(huì)和目前的社會(huì)是不完美的。但會(huì)進(jìn)化到理想社會(huì)中去。進(jìn)化的動(dòng)力是差異性。個(gè)人無法改變歷史。社會(huì)大于個(gè)人，語言、宗教、所有制、人數(shù)與財(cái)富，都在傳承、支撐著社會(huì)。分工對社會(huì)有利有弊，社會(huì)現(xiàn)象之間彼此聯(lián)系，有一定的功能，理想社會(huì)會(huì)自動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)。

　　2.Herodotus

　　Herodotus was a Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus, Caria (modern-day Bodrum, Turkey) and lived in the fifth century BC (c. 484–425 BC). Widely referred to as "The Father of History" (first conferred by Cicero), he was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically and critically, and then to arrange them into a historiographic narrative. The Histories—his masterpiece and the only work he is known to have produced—is a record of his "inquiry" ,being an investigation of the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars and including a wealth of geographical and ethnographical information. Although some of his stories were fanciful and others inaccurate, he claimed he was reporting only what had been told to him. Little is known of his personal history.

　　2.希羅多德

　　希羅多德，前5世紀(jì)(約前484年-前425年)的古希臘作家，他把旅行中的所聞所見，以及波斯阿契美尼德帝國的歷史紀(jì)錄下來，著成《歷史》一書，成為西方文學(xué)史上第一部完整流傳下來的散文作品。他生于哈利卡那索斯，即現(xiàn)在小亞細(xì)亞的博德魯姆，似乎在一次政變失敗后被流放，并在薩摩斯島隱居。他好像再?zèng)]有回去過哈利卡那索斯，但還是在《歷史》中表明對自己城邦及其女王亞特米西雅的熱愛。在流放中他周游了他在《歷史》中記載的各國。他去過古埃及，并從尼羅河南下到阿斯旺，以及美索不達(dá)米亞、克里米亞半島、黑海沿岸平原、亞平寧半島和西西里島。希羅多德提到了他在斯巴達(dá)訪問了一個(gè)題材提供者，并肯定在雅典住過一段時(shí)間。他在雅典認(rèn)識(shí)了伯里克利的家族，并提及了它的演講家傳統(tǒng)。但雅典人并沒有把外邦人當(dāng)作公民：在前444年雅典殖民于亞平寧半島的圖利時(shí)，希羅多德成了一位殖民者。至于他是否在那兒去世則無從考知。

　　3.Martin Luther

　　Martin Luther, OSA,(10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German friar, Catholic priest, professor of theology and seminal figure of the 16th-century movement in Christianity known later as the Protestant Reformation. Initially an Augustinian friar, Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar, with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.

　　3.馬丁·路德

　　馬丁·路德(1483年11月10日-1546年2月18日)，德國基督教神學(xué)家，宗教改革運(yùn)動(dòng)的主要發(fā)起人，基督教更正派信義宗教會(huì)(即路德宗)的開創(chuàng)者，曾是羅馬大公教會(huì)奧斯定會(huì)的修士。提倡因信稱義，反對教宗的權(quán)威地位。他翻譯的德文圣經(jīng)影響深遠(yuǎn)，促進(jìn)了德文的發(fā)展。