國(guó)際關(guān)系英語(yǔ)詞匯大全Unit 60

　　1.Fernand Braudel

　　Fernand Braudel (24 August 1902 – 27 November 1985) was a French historian and a leader of the Annales School. His scholarship focused on three main projects: The Mediterranean (1923–49, then 1949–66), Civilization and Capitalism (1955–79), and the unfinished Identity of France (1970–85). His reputation stems in part from his writings, but even more from his success in making the Annales School the most important engine of historical research in France and much of the world after 1950. As the dominant leader of the Annales School of historiography in the 1950s and 1960s, he exerted enormous influence on historical writing in France and other countries. Braudel has been considered one of the greatest of the modern historians who have emphasized the role of large-scale socioeconomic factors in the making and writing of history. He can also be considered as one of the precursors of world-systems theory.

　　1.費(fèi)爾南·布勞岱爾

　　費(fèi)爾南·布勞岱爾(1902年8月24日-1985年11月27日)，法國(guó)年鑒學(xué)派第二代著名的史學(xué)家。1920年入巴黎大學(xué)文學(xué)院攻讀歷史，1923年畢業(yè)，經(jīng)過一段在海外中學(xué)教書的經(jīng)歷之后，1937年回國(guó)時(shí)遇上年鑒學(xué)派的創(chuàng)始人之一的費(fèi)弗爾，開始受其影響。二次大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后受征召入伍，在1940年被德軍俘虜，關(guān)在戰(zhàn)俘營(yíng)近五年，在里面開始寫《菲利浦二世時(shí)代的地中海和地中海世界》的初稿，而在1947年成為他的博士論文并通過考試，1949年出版。1946年，他加入《年鑒》學(xué)報(bào)的編輯部，其后與費(fèi)弗爾創(chuàng)立高等實(shí)驗(yàn)研究院第六部(社會(huì)科學(xué)高等學(xué)院前身)。1956年-1972年間，擔(dān)任該部主任。1984年他當(dāng)選為法蘭西學(xué)院的院士，翌年逝世。

　　2.Carl von Clausewitz

　　Carl Philipp Gottfried "Gottlieb" von Clausewitz(June 1, 1780 – November 16, 1831) was a Prussian general and military theorist who stressed the "moral" (in modern terms, psychological) and political aspects of war. His most notable work, Vom Kriege (On War), was unfinished at his death. Clausewitz was a realist and used the more rationalist ideas of the European Enlightenment. His thinking is often described as Hegelian because of his references to dialectical thinking but, although he was probably personally acquainted with Hegel, there remains debate as to whether or not Clausewitz was in fact a disciple. He stressed the dialectical interaction of diverse factors, noting how unexpected developments unfolding under the "fog of war" (i.e., in the face of incomplete, dubious, and often completely erroneous information and high levels of fear, doubt, and excitement) call for rapid decisions by alert commanders. He saw history as a vital check on erudite abstractions that did not accord with experience. In contrast to Antoine-Henri Jomini, he argued that war could not be quantified or reduced to mapwork, geometry, and graphs. Clausewitz had many aphorisms, of which the most famous is: "War is the continuation of politics by other means".

　　2.卡爾·馮·克勞塞維茨

　　卡爾·馮·克勞塞維茨(1781年7月1日-1831年11月16日)，普魯士將軍，軍事理論家。克勞塞維茨出生在普魯士馬格德堡的一個(gè)貴族家庭，12歲時(shí)就參加了普魯士軍隊(duì)，13歲就第一次走上了戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)。1803年從柏林普通軍校畢業(yè)后擔(dān)任奧古斯特親王的副官。在1808年，克勞塞維茨進(jìn)入到格哈德·馮·沙恩霍斯特奠基的普軍總參謀部中任職。當(dāng)時(shí)法國(guó)大革命及拿破侖的軍事行動(dòng)使普魯士?jī)?nèi)部也涌動(dòng)著改革的潮流，這場(chǎng)變革與香恩霍斯特、威廉·馮·洪堡、施泰因、哈登堡等人的名字緊緊相連，克勞塞維茨所在的普魯士總參謀部自然成為了軍事改革的先鋒?？藙谌S茨在1812年發(fā)表了名為《三個(gè)信條》的日爾曼民族解放綱領(lǐng)，在其中表達(dá)了改革派聯(lián)合俄國(guó)，抗擊拿破侖的觀點(diǎn)，和19世紀(jì)另一位大軍事思想家約米尼并列為西方軍事思想的兩大權(quán)威。就在1812年5月克勞塞維茨來到俄國(guó)軍隊(duì)，在俄國(guó)抵抗拿破侖進(jìn)攻的衛(wèi)國(guó)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中克勞塞維茨參加了奧斯特洛夫斯諾、斯摩棱斯克、博羅金諾等會(huì)戰(zhàn)，擔(dān)任過柏林騎兵軍與烏瓦洛甫騎兵軍的作戰(zhàn)軍官。1814年回到普魯士軍隊(duì)，1818年出任柏林軍官學(xué)校校長(zhǎng)并晉升為將軍。

　　3.Christopher Columbus

　　Christopher Columbus (born between 31 October 1450 and 30 October 1451, died 20 May 1506) was a Genoese explorer, navigator, and colonizer, born in the Republic of Genoa (today part of Italy). Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements on the island of Hispaniola, initiated the Spanish colonization of the New World.

　　3.克里斯托弗·哥倫布

　　克里斯托弗·哥倫布(1450年/1451年10月31日-1506年5月20日)，探險(xiǎn)家、殖民者、航海家，出生于中世紀(jì)的熱那亞共和國(guó)(今意大利西北部)。在西班牙的天主教君主的贊助下，他在1492年到1502年間四次橫渡大西洋，并且成功到達(dá)美洲。他使得普通歐洲人也知道了美洲。他的這些航行，以及在伊斯帕尼奧拉島建立永久居民點(diǎn)的努力，拉開西班牙殖民美洲的序幕，同時(shí)也是歐洲殖民后來所謂“新大陸”的先驅(qū)。其靈柩現(xiàn)存于西班牙塞維利亞主教座堂主堂內(nèi)。