國際關(guān)系英語詞匯大全Unit 65

　　The Truman Doctrine of containment was a United States policy to stop Soviet expansion during the Cold War. United States President Harry S. Truman pledged to contain communism in Europe and elsewhere and impelled the US to support any nation with both military and economic aid if its stability was threatened by communism or the Soviet Union. The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of the president's foreign policy and placed the U.S. in the role of global policeman. As Foner reminds us, the Truman Doctrine "set a precedent for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world, no matter how undemocratic, and for the creation of a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union".

　　1.杜魯門主義

　　杜魯門主義是在美國總統(tǒng)杜魯門任期內(nèi)形成的美國對外政策，成為第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后美國的對外政策核心。1947年3月12日杜魯門發(fā)表國情咨文時，要求國會為援助土耳其和希臘政府，防止當?shù)匕l(fā)生革命，撥款4億美元。一般認為，這是杜魯門主義正式形成的起點。杜魯門主義認為，在世界上任何地區(qū)發(fā)生社會主義革命，都會威脅到美國的安全。美國要擔當“世界警察”的責任，防止共產(chǎn)主義在世界任何地方出現(xiàn)。因此美國實行“馬歇爾計劃”，援助西歐國家，解救他們戰(zhàn)后的貧困，以防止發(fā)生革命。大力發(fā)展軍備，美國僅在1948年一年內(nèi)就將核武器的儲備從13枚擴展到50多枚。因此杜魯門主義也是冷戰(zhàn)的開始，徹底改變了羅斯福時代的美國對外政策，奠定了戰(zhàn)后世界的基本格局。杜魯門主義的出現(xiàn)標示美國對蘇聯(lián)“大國合作，和平緩進”政策歸于終結(jié)。

　　2.Jimmy Carter

　　James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. He was awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize. Carter, raised in rural Georgia, was a peanut farmer who served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as the Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975. He was elected President in 1976, defeating incumbent president Gerald Ford in a relatively close election, running as an outsider who promised truth in government in the wake of the Watergate scandal. He is the second oldest (after George H. W. Bush) of America's four living former presidents.

　　2.吉米·卡特

　　詹姆斯·厄爾·卡特(又稱吉米·卡特，1924年10月1日-)，是美國的第39任總統(tǒng)。他早年一直在軍隊中生活，曾任佐治亞州州長。1976年代表民主黨當選總統(tǒng)，在任期間推行能源保護政策。外交方面，卡特積極調(diào)停以色列和埃及之間的戰(zhàn)爭，美國和共產(chǎn)主義國家的關(guān)系得到了很好的改善，并和中華人民共和國正式建立外交關(guān)系。

　　3.Ronald Reagan

　　Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American actor and politician. He was the 40th President of the United States (1981–89), and served as the 33rd Governor of California (1967–75) prior to his presidency. As president, Reagan implemented sweeping new political and economic initiatives. His supply-side economic policies, dubbed "Reaganomics", advocated reducing tax rates to spur economic growth, controlling the money supply to reduce inflation, deregulation of the economy, and reducing government spending. In his first term he survived an assassination attempt, took a hard line against labor unions, escalated the War on Drugs, and ordered an invasion of Grenada to reverse a Communist coup.

　　3.羅納德·里根

　　羅納德·威爾遜·里根(1911年2月6日-2004年6月5日)，美國政治家，第33任加利福尼亞州州長(1967年-1975年)，第40任美國總統(tǒng)(1981年-1989年)。踏入政壇前，里根也曾擔任過運動廣播員、救生員、報社專欄作家、電影演員，他的演說風格高明而極具說服力，被媒體譽為“偉大的溝通者”，美國人心目中最偉大的總統(tǒng)之一。里根在1980年的選戰(zhàn)中擊敗了當時民主黨的總統(tǒng)吉米·卡特，共和黨也在同年選舉贏得了26年來首次在參議院過半數(shù)的席次。里根推行的經(jīng)濟政策為供應(yīng)面經(jīng)濟學(xué)，被人稱為里根經(jīng)濟學(xué)，將所得稅降低了25%、減少通貨膨脹、降低利率、擴大軍費開支、增加政府赤字和國債，排除稅賦規(guī)則的漏洞，繼續(xù)對商業(yè)行為撤銷管制，使美國經(jīng)濟在歷經(jīng)1981-1982年的急遽衰退后，于1982年開始了非常茁壯的經(jīng)濟成長。他始終強調(diào)他對于聯(lián)邦政府在處理問題上的能力抱持著懷疑態(tài)度，尤其是在經(jīng)濟問題方面。他的解決方式是撤回政府的干涉并減少稅率和商業(yè)管制，以此讓利伯維爾場機制能自動修正所面臨的問題。