國際關(guān)系英語詞匯大全Unit 66

　　Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the third President of the United States (1801–1809). He was a spokesman for democracy, and embraced the principles of republicanism and the rights of the individual with worldwide influence. At the beginning of the American Revolution, he served in the Continental Congress, representing Virginia, and then served as a wartime Governor of Virginia (1779–1781). In May 1785, he became the United States Minister to France and later the first United States Secretary of State (1790–1793) serving under President George Washington. In opposition to Alexander Hamilton's Federalism, Jefferson and his close friend, James Madison, organized the Democratic-Republican Party, and later resigned from Washington's cabinet. Elected Vice President in 1796 in the administration of John Adams, Jefferson opposed Adams, and with Madison secretly wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which attempted to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts.

　　1.托馬斯·杰斐遜

　　托馬斯·杰斐遜(1743年4月13日-1826年7月4日)，美利堅合眾國第三任總統(tǒng)(1801年─1809年)。同時也是《美國獨立宣言》主要起草人，及美國開國元勛中最具影響力者之一。除了政治事業(yè)外，杰斐遜同時也是農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)、園藝學(xué)、建筑學(xué)、詞源學(xué)、考古學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)、密碼學(xué)、測量學(xué)與古生物學(xué)等學(xué)科的專家;又身兼作家、律師與小提琴手;也是弗吉尼亞大學(xué)的創(chuàng)辦人。許多人認(rèn)為他是歷任美國總統(tǒng)中，智慧最高者。

　　他在任期間保護(hù)農(nóng)業(yè)，發(fā)展民族資本主義工業(yè)。從法國手中購買路易斯安那州，使美國領(lǐng)土近乎增加了一倍。

　　2.Calvin Coolidge

　　John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th President of the United States (1923–1929). A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. His response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th Vice President in 1920 and succeeded to the Presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative, and also as a man who said very little.

　　2.卡爾文·柯立芝

　　小約翰·卡爾文·柯立芝(1872年7月4日-1933年1月5日)，美國第30任總統(tǒng)，共和黨籍。佛蒙特州律師出身，在馬薩諸塞州政界奮斗多年后成為州長。1920年大選時作為沃倫·哈定的競選伙伴成功當(dāng)選第29任美國副總統(tǒng)。1923年，哈定在任內(nèi)病逝，柯立芝隨即遞補為總統(tǒng)。1924年大選連任成功。政治上主張小政府，以古典自由派保守主義聞名。

　　3.Monroe Doctrine

　　The Monroe Doctrine was a US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. At the same time, the doctrine noted that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued in 1823 at a time when nearly all Latin American colonies of Spain and Portugal had achieved or were at the point of gaining independence from the Portuguese and Spanish Empires; Peru consolidated its independence in 1824, and Bolivia would become independent in 1825, leaving only Cuba and Puerto Rico under Spanish rule. The United States, working in agreement with Britain, wanted to guarantee that no European power would move in.

　　3.門羅主義

　　門羅主義發(fā)表于1823年，由詹姆斯·門羅總統(tǒng)發(fā)表于第七次對國會演說的國情咨文中。演說開頭遲疑，而后轉(zhuǎn)為充滿熱情。這是美國涉外事務(wù)之轉(zhuǎn)折點。門羅主義表明了美利堅合眾國當(dāng)時的觀點，即歐洲列強(qiáng)不應(yīng)再殖民美洲，或涉足美國與墨西哥等美洲國家之主權(quán)相關(guān)事務(wù)。而對于歐洲各國之間的爭端，或各國與其美洲殖民地之間的戰(zhàn)事，美國保持中立。相關(guān)戰(zhàn)事若發(fā)生于美洲，美國將視為具敵意之行為。