國際關系英語詞匯大全Unit 69

　　Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898), known as Otto von Bismarck, was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890. In the 1860s he engineered a series of wars that unified the German states (excluding Austria) into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership. With that accomplished by 1871 he skillfully used balance of power diplomacy to preserve German hegemony in a Europe which, despite many disputes and war scares, remained at peace. For historian Eric Hobsbawm, it was Bismarck, who "remained undisputed world champion at the game of multilateral diplomatic chess for almost twenty years after 1871, [and] devoted himself exclusively, and successfully, to maintaining peace between the powers."

　　1.奧托·馮·俾斯麥

　　奧托·愛德華·利奧波德·馮·俾斯麥(1815年4月1日-1898年7月30日)，勞恩堡公爵，普魯士王國首相(1862年-1890年)，德意志帝國首任宰相，人稱“鐵血宰相”(“鐵”指武器，“血”指戰(zhàn)爭)、“德國的建筑師”及“德國的領航員”。俾斯麥是十九世紀德國最卓越的政治家，擔任普魯士 首相期間通過一系列鐵血戰(zhàn)爭統(tǒng)一德意志，并成為德意志帝國第一任宰相(又譯“帝國總理”)。俾斯麥是保守派，維護專制主義，鎮(zhèn)壓了19世紀80年代的社會民主主義運動;但他通過立法，建立了世界上最早的工人養(yǎng)老金、健康和醫(yī)療保險制度，及社會保險。由于其對德國統(tǒng)一的貢獻，加上卓越及偉大成就，俾斯麥最后獲升任為德意志帝國陸軍上將。在2005年德國電視二臺票選最偉大的德國人活動中，他排名第九，次于第八偉大的印刷術發(fā)明者約翰內斯·古騰堡。

　　2.Napoleon

　　Napoléon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution and its associated wars. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon dominated European affairs for almost two decades while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He won the large majority of his battles and seized control of most of continental Europe before his ultimate defeat in 1815. One of the greatest commanders in history, his campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide and he remains simultaneously one of the most celebrated and controversial political figures in European history. In civil affairs, Napoleon implemented a wide array of liberal reforms across Europe, including the abolition of feudalism, the establishment of legal equality and religious toleration, and the legalization of divorce. His lasting legal achievement, the Napoleonic Code, has been adopted to varying degrees by dozens of nations around the world.

　　2.拿破侖一世

　　拿破侖·波拿巴(1769年8月15日-1821年5月5日)，法國軍事家、政治家與法學家，在法國大革命末期和法國大革命戰(zhàn)爭中達到權力巔峰。作為拿破侖一世，他在1804至1815年間在位，稱“法國人的皇帝”，也是歷史上自胖子查理(881年-887年在位)后第二位享有此名號的法國皇帝。他推動司法改革，頒布《拿破侖法典》，而這一法典也對世界范圍內的民法制訂產生重要的影響。拿破侖最為人所知的功績是帶領法國對抗一系列的反法同盟，即所謂的拿破侖戰(zhàn)爭。他在歐洲大陸建立霸權，傳播法國大革命的理念，同時創(chuàng)立法蘭西第一帝國，在一定程度上恢復過去舊制度中的一些體制。拿破侖在他所參加的這些戰(zhàn)爭中屢獲勝利，以少勝多的案例屢見不鮮，由此他也被認為是史上最偉大的軍事家之一，他的戰(zhàn)略也為全球的軍事學院所研究和學習

　　3.Alexander the Great

　　Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great , was a King (Basileus) of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II, to the throne at the age of twenty. He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, until by the age of thirty he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to Egypt and into northwest ancient India. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful military commanders.

　　3.亞歷山大大帝

　　馬其頓的亞歷山大三世(前356年-前323年)，世稱亞歷山大大帝，古希臘北部馬其頓國王。生于佩拉，到16歲為止一直由亞里士多德任其導師。30歲時，已經創(chuàng)立歷史上最大的帝國之一，其疆域從愛奧尼亞海一直延伸到喜馬拉雅山脈。[1]他一生未嘗敗績，被認為是歷史上最成功的統(tǒng)帥之一。