國際關(guān)系英語詞匯大全Unit 70

　　Frederick II (24 January 1712 – 17 August 1786) was the third Hohenzollern king, reigning over the Kingdom of Prussia from 1740 until 1786. Frederick's achievements during his reign included his military victories, his reorganization of Prussian armies, his patronage of the Arts and the Enlightenment in Prussia, and his final success against great odds in the Seven Years' War. He became known as Frederick the Great and was nicknamed Der Alte Fritz ("Old Fritz") by the Prussian people.

　　1.腓特烈二世 (普魯士)

　　腓特烈二世(1712年1月24日-1786年8月17日)，史稱腓特烈大帝。普魯士國王(1740年5月31日-1786年8月17日在位)，軍事家，政治家，作家,作曲家。統(tǒng)治時(shí)期普魯士軍力大規(guī)模發(fā)展，領(lǐng)土大舉擴(kuò)張，文化藝術(shù)得到贊助和支持，“德意志啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)”得以開展。其使普魯士在歐洲大陸取得大國地位，并在德意志內(nèi)部取得霸權(quán)，向以普魯士為中心武力統(tǒng)一德意志的道路邁出第一步。腓特烈二世是歐洲歷史上最偉大的名將之一，也是歐洲“開明專制”君主的代表人物，并且為啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期的文化名人，在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、哲學(xué)、法律、甚至音樂諸多方面都頗有建樹，為啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)一大重要人物。

　　2.Klemens von Metternich

　　Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (15 May 1773 – 11 June 1859) was a politician and statesman of Rhenish extraction and one of the most important diplomats of his era, serving as the Austrian Empire's Foreign Minister from 1809 and Chancellor from 1821 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation. One of his first tasks was to engineer a détente with France that included the marriage of Napoleon to the Austrian archduchess Marie Louise. Soon after, however, he engineered Austria's entry into the War of the Sixth Coalition on the Allied side, signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau that sent Napoleon into exile and led the Austrian delegation at the Congress of Vienna which divided post-Napoleonic Europe between the major powers. In recognition of his service to the Austrian Empire he was raised to the title of Prince in October 1813. Under his guidance, the "Metternich system" of international congresses continued for another decade as Austria aligned herself with Russia and, to a lesser extent, Prussia. This marked the high point of Austria's diplomatic importance, and thereafter Metternich slowly slipped back into the periphery of international diplomacy. At home, Metternich also held the post of Chancellor of State from 1821 until 1848, under both Francis I and his son Ferdinand I. After a brief period of exile in London, Brighton and Brussels that lasted until 1851, he returned once more to the Viennese court, this time to offer only advice to Ferdinand's successor, Franz Josef. Having outlived his generation of politicians, Metternich died at the age of 86 in 1859.

　　2.克萊門斯·梅特涅

　　克萊門斯·梅特涅(1773年5月15日-1859年6月11日)是在德國出生的奧地利政治家。他是所在時(shí)代最重要的外交家之一。他從1809年開始任奧地利帝國的外交大臣直至1848年革命爆發(fā)，被迫下野為止。他任內(nèi)首要工作之一是緩和和奧地利與法國的關(guān)系。他也促成了奧地利公主，女公爵瑪麗·路易莎與拿破侖的婚姻。而在這不久之后，他作為外相又推動(dòng)了奧地利加入第六次反法同盟，代表奧地利簽署了楓丹白露條約，并流放拿破侖。他是后拿破侖時(shí)代由歐洲列強(qiáng)組成的維也納會(huì)議(1814年9月-1815年6月)的主席。為表彰他為帝國作出的貢獻(xiàn)，帝國在1813年10月授予他親王的頭銜。在他的影響之下，“梅特涅體系”維續(xù)著奧地利與俄國、普魯士的聯(lián)盟十?dāng)?shù)年之久。這是梅特涅在奧地利外交上的最高峰，此后梅特涅逐漸被國際外交邊緣化。從1821年開始他擔(dān)任奧地利帝國首相，歷經(jīng)兩朝(弗朗西斯二世和他兒子費(fèi)迪南一世)直到1848年費(fèi)迪南一世遜位。此后，他在經(jīng)歷了從倫敦到布萊頓再到布魯塞爾的短暫流亡生涯后，他于1851年再一次回到維也納宮廷，成為費(fèi)迪南一世的繼任者——弗朗茨·約瑟夫一世的顧問。1859年梅特涅逝世，享年86歲，與他同一時(shí)代的政治家里面，他享年最久。

　　3.Charles de Gaulle

　　Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general, resistant, writer and politician. He was the leader of Free France (1940-1944) and the head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic (1944-1946). In 1959, he founded the Fifth Republic and was elected as the 18th President of France, until his resignation in 1969. He was the dominant figure of France during the Cold War era and his memory continues to influence French politics.

　　3.夏爾·戴高樂

　　夏爾·安德烈·約瑟夫·馬里·戴高樂(1890年11月22日-1970年11月9日)是法國軍事家、政治家，曾在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間領(lǐng)導(dǎo)自由法國運(yùn)動(dòng)，戰(zhàn)后短暫出任臨時(shí)總統(tǒng)，后由于左派反對(duì)他要求加強(qiáng)總統(tǒng)權(quán)力的憲法被迫辭職。1958年成立法蘭西第五共和國并出任第一任總統(tǒng)。在法國，戴高樂通常被稱為“戴高樂將軍”甚至簡(jiǎn)稱“將軍”。