國際關系英語詞匯大全Unit 71

　　Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa (24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004), popularly known as Yasser Arafat or by his kunya Abu Ammar, was a Palestinian leader. He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), and leader of the Fatah political party and former paramilitary group, which he founded in 1959. Arafat spent much of his life committed to acts of terror against Israel in the name of Palestinian self-determination. Originally opposed to Israel's existence, he modified his position in 1988 when he accepted UN Security Council Resolution 242. Arafat and his movement operated from several Arab countries. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Fatah faced off with Jordan in a brief civil war. Forced out of Jordan and into Lebanon, Arafat and Fatah were major targets of Israel's 1978 and 1982 invasions of that country.

　　1.亞西爾·阿拉法特

　　拉赫曼·阿卜杜勒·拉烏夫·阿拉法特·古德瓦·侯賽尼(1929年8月24日-2004年11月11日)，通稱亞西爾·阿拉法特或他的昵稱阿布·阿馬爾，巴勒斯坦解放運動領袖，巴勒斯坦領導人，巴勒斯坦解放組織主席及巴解組織最大派別法塔赫的領導人，1994年巴勒斯坦民族權力機構成立后任主席。他是1994年諾貝爾和平獎的獲得者之一。

　　2.Julius Caesar

　　Gaius Julius Caesar(July 100 – 15 March 44 BC)was a Roman general, statesman, Consul, and notable author of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed a political alliance that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed by the conservative ruling class within the Roman Senate, among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar's victories in the Gallic Wars, completed by 51 BC, extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both when he built a bridge across the Rhine and conducted the first invasion of Britain.

　　2.愷撒

　　蓋烏斯·儒略·愷撒(前100年7月13日-前44年3月15日)，羅馬共和國末期的軍事統(tǒng)帥、政治家，儒略家族成員。愷撒出身貴族，歷任財務官、大祭司、大法官、執(zhí)政官、監(jiān)察官、獨裁官等職。前60年與龐培、克拉蘇秘密結成前三頭同盟，隨后出任高盧總督，用了8年時間征服高盧全境(現(xiàn)在的法國)，亦襲擊了日耳曼和不列顛。西元前49年，他率軍占領羅馬，打敗龐培，集大權于一身，實行獨裁統(tǒng)治，制定了《儒略歷》。前44年，愷撒遭以布魯圖所領導的元老院成員暗殺身亡。愷撒身后，其甥孫及養(yǎng)子屋大維擊敗安東尼開創(chuàng)羅馬帝國并且成為第一位帝國皇帝。愷撒也是撲克牌里的方塊K人物。

　　3.Brezhnev Doctrine

　　The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet Union foreign policy, first and most clearly outlined by S. Kovalev in a September 26, 1968, Pravda article, entitled "Sovereignty and the International Obligations of Socialist Countries." Leonid Brezhnev reiterated it in a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers' Party on November 13, 1968. This doctrine was announced to retroactively justify the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 that ended the Prague Spring, along with earlier Soviet military interventions, such as the invasion of Hungary in 1956. These interventions were meant to put an end to liberalization efforts and uprisings that had the potential to compromise Soviet hegemony inside the Eastern bloc, which was considered by the Soviets to be an essential defensive and strategic buffer in case hostilities with NATO were to break out.

　　3.勃列日涅夫主義

　　勃列日涅夫主義，又稱勃列日涅夫學說，是勃列日涅夫在1968年侵略捷克斯洛伐克前后，在蘇聯(lián)及華沙條約組織成員國內，推行的一套對外擴張和對東歐社會主義國家進行思想和政治控制的理論。該主義雖然以勃列日涅夫命名，但實際上是當時掌握蘇聯(lián)意識形態(tài)宣傳大權的“灰衣主教”蘇斯洛夫的“成果”。