《釣魚島是中國的固有領(lǐng)土》白皮書

(一)中國最先發(fā)現(xiàn)、命名和利用釣魚島

1. Diaoyu Dao was first discovered, named and exploited by China

中國古代先民在經(jīng)營海洋和從事海上漁業(yè)的實(shí)踐中，最早發(fā)現(xiàn)釣魚島并予以命名。在中國古代文獻(xiàn)中，釣魚島又稱釣魚嶼、釣魚臺。目前所見最早記載釣魚島、赤尾嶼等地名的史籍，是成書于1403年(明永樂元年)的《順風(fēng)相送》。這表明，早在十四、十五世紀(jì)中國就已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)并命名了釣魚島。

Ancient ancestors in China first discovered and named Diaoyu Dao through their production and fishery activities on the sea. In China's historical literatures, Diaoyu Dao is also called Diaoyu Yu or Diaoyu Tai. The earliest historical record of the names of Diaoyu Dao, Chiwei Yu and other places can be found in the book Voyage with a Tail Wind (Shun Feng Xiang Song) published in 1403 (the first year of the reign of Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty). It shows that China had already discovered and named Diaoyu Dao by the 14th and 15th centuries。

1372年(明洪武五年)，琉球國王向明朝朝貢，明太祖遣使前往琉球。至1866年(清同治五年)近500年間，明清兩代朝廷先后24次派遣使臣前往琉球王國冊封，釣魚島是冊封使前往琉球的途經(jīng)之地，有關(guān)釣魚島的記載大量出現(xiàn)在中國使臣撰寫的報(bào)告中。如，明朝冊封使陳侃所著《使琉球錄》 (1534年)明確記載“過釣魚嶼，過黃毛嶼，過赤嶼，……見古米山，乃屬琉球者”。明朝冊封使郭汝霖所著《使琉球錄》(1562年)記載，“赤嶼者，界琉球地方山也”。清朝冊封副使徐葆光所著《中山傳信錄》(1719年)明確記載，從福建到琉球，經(jīng)花瓶嶼、彭佳嶼、釣魚島、黃尾嶼、赤尾嶼，“取姑米山 (琉球西南方界上鎮(zhèn)山)、馬齒島，入琉球那霸港”。

In 1372 (the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty)， the King of Ryukyu started paying tribute to the imperial court of the Ming Dynasty. In return, Emperor Hongwu (the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty) sent imperial envoys to Ryukyu. In the following five centuries until 1866 (the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty)， the imperial courts of the Ming and Qing Dynasties sent imperial envoys to Ryukyu 24 times to confer titles on the Ryukyu King, and Diaoyu Dao was exactly located on their route to Ryukyu. Ample volume of records about Diaoyu Dao could be found in the reports written by Chinese imperial envoys at the time. For example, the Records of the Imperial Title-conferring Envoys to Ryukyu (Shi Liu Qiu Lu) written in 1534 by Chen Kan, an imperial title-conferring envoy from the Ming court, clearly stated that "the ship has passed Diaoyu Dao, Huangmao Yu, Chi Yu... Then Gumi Mountain comes into sight, that is where the land of Ryukyu begins." The Shi Liu Qiu Lu of another imperial envoy of the Ming Dynasty, Guo Rulin, in 1562 also stated that "Chi Yu is the mountain that marks the boundary of Ryukyu". In 1719, Xu Baoguang, a deputy title-conferring envoy to Ryukyu in the Qing Dynasty, clearly recorded in his book Records of Messages from Chong-shan (Zhong Shan Chuan Xin Lu) that the voyage from Fujian to Ryukyu passed Huaping Yu, Pengjia Yu, Diaoyu Dao, Huangwei Yu, Chiwei Yu and reached Naba (Naha) port of Ryukyu via Gumi Mountain (the mountain guarding the southwest border of Ryukyu) and Machi Island。

1650年，琉球國相向象賢監(jiān)修的琉球國第一部正史《中山世鑒》記載，古米山(亦稱姑米山，今久米島)是琉球的領(lǐng)土，而赤嶼(今赤尾嶼)及其以西則非琉球領(lǐng)土。1708年，琉球?qū)W者、紫金大夫程順則所著《指南廣義》記載，姑米山為“琉球西南界上之鎮(zhèn)山”。

In 1650, the Annals of Chong-shan (Zhong Shan Shi Jian)， the first official historical record of the Ryukyu Kingdom drafted under the supervision of Ryukyu's prime minister Xiang Xiangxian (Kozoken)， confirmed that Gumi Mountain (also called Gumi Mountain, known as Kume Island today) is part of Ryukyu's territory, while Chi Yu (known as Chiwei Yu today) and the areas to its west are not Ryukyu's territory. In 1708, Cheng Shunze (Tei Junsoku)， a noted scholar and the Grand Master with the Purple-Golden Ribbon (Zi Jin Da Fu) of Ryukyu, recorded in his book A General Guide (Zhi Nan Guang Yi) that "Gumi Mountain is the mountain guarding the southwest border of Ryukyu"。

以上史料清楚記載著釣魚島、赤尾嶼屬于中國，久米島屬于琉球，分界線在赤尾嶼和久米島之間的黑水溝(今沖繩海槽)。明朝冊封副使謝杰所著《琉球錄撮要補(bǔ)遺》(1579年)記載，“去由滄水入黑水，歸由黑水入滄水”。明朝冊封使夏子陽所著《使琉球錄》(1606年)記載，“水離黑入滄，必是中國之界”。清朝冊封使汪輯所著《使琉球雜錄》(1683年)記載，赤嶼之外的“黑水溝”即是“中外之界”。清朝冊封副使周煌所著《琉球國志略》(1756年) 記載，琉球“海面西距黑水溝，與閩海界”。

These historical accounts clearly demonstrate that Diaoyu Dao and Chiwei Yu belong to China and Kume Island belongs to Ryukyu, and that the separating line lies in Hei Shui Gou (today's Okinawa Trough) between Chiwei Yu and Kume Island. In 1579, Xie Jie, a deputy imperial title-conferring envoy of the Ming Dynasty, recorded in his book, Addendum to Summarized Record of Ryukyu (Liu Qiu Lu Cuo Yao Bu Yi) that he entered Ryukyu from Cang Shui to Hei Shui, and returned to China from Hei Shui to Cang Shui. Xia Ziyang, another imperial envoy of the Ming court, wrote in 1606 that "when the water flows from Hei Shui back to Cang Shui, it enters the Chinese territory." Miscellaneous Records of a Mission to Ryukyu (Shi Liu Qiu Za Lu)， a book written in 1683 by Wang Ji, an imperial envoy of the Qing Dynasty, stated that "Hei Shui Gou", situated outside Chi Yu, is the "boundary between China and foreign land". In 1756, Zhou Huang, a deputy imperial envoy of the Qing Dynasty, recorded in his book, the Annals of Ryukyu (Liu Qiu Guo Zhi Lue)， that Ryukyu "is separated from the waters of Fujian by Hei Shui Gou to the west"。

釣魚島海域是中國的傳統(tǒng)漁場，中國漁民世世代代在該海域從事漁業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動。釣魚島作為航海標(biāo)志，在歷史上被中國東南沿海民眾廣泛利用。

The waters surrounding Diaoyu Dao are traditionally Chinese fishing ground. Chinese fishermen have, for generations, engaged in fishery activities in these waters. In the past, Diaoyu Dao was used as a navigation marker by the Chinese people living on the southeast coast。