國際關(guān)系英語詞匯大全Unit 48

　　英語單詞講解 unit 48

　　1.Baruch Spinoza

　　Baruch Spinoza (born Benedito de Espinosa; 24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677, later Benedict de Spinoza) was a Dutch philosopher. The breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until many years after his death. By laying the groundwork for the 18th-century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism, including modern conceptions of the self and, arguably, the universe, he came to be considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy. His magnum opus, the posthumous Ethics, in which he opposed Descartes's mind–body dualism, has earned him recognition as one of Western philosophy's most important thinkers.

　　1.巴魯赫·斯賓諾莎

　　斯賓諾莎(1632年11月24日-1677年2月21日)，西方近代哲學史重要的理性主義者，與笛卡爾和萊布尼茨齊名。斯賓諾莎的著作中最偉大的莫過于《依幾何次序所證倫理學》(簡稱《倫理學》)，該書是以歐幾里得的幾何學方式來書寫的，一開始就給出一組公理以及各種公式，從中產(chǎn)生命題、證明、推論以及解釋。該著作一直到斯賓諾莎死后才得以發(fā)表。他的其他兩部重要的作品包括了《神學政治論》和《政治論》。《神學政治論》的主題是圣經(jīng)批評與政治理論，而后者則只談?wù)卫碚摗?/p>

　　2.Spinozism

　　Spinozism (also spelled Spinoza-ism or Spinozaism) is the monist philosophical system of Baruch Spinoza which defines "God" as a singular self-subsistent substance, with both matter and thought being attributes of such. In Spinozism, the concept of a personal relationship with God comes from the position that one is a part of an infinite interdependent "organism." Spinoza argued that everything is a derivative of God, interconnected with all of existence. Although humans only experience thought and extension, what happens to one aspect of existence will still affect others. Thus, Spinozism teaches a form of determinism and ecology and supports this as a basis for morality.

　　2.斯賓諾莎主義

　　斯賓諾莎主義是具有無神論或泛神論性質(zhì)的哲學學說。斯賓諾莎否認有人格神、超自然神的存在，集中批判了神學目的論、擬人觀和天意說，要求從自然界本身來說明自然，他認為構(gòu)成萬物存在和統(tǒng)一基礎(chǔ)的實體是自然界，也就是神。他開創(chuàng)了用理性主義觀點和歷史的方法系統(tǒng)地批判《圣經(jīng)》的歷史，考察了宗教的起源、本質(zhì)和歷史作用，建立了近代西方無神論史上一個較早和較系統(tǒng)的體系?？朔说芽▋憾摰娜秉c，把唯理論與唯物主義和泛神論結(jié)合起來。以后的哲學家稱具有這種特征的學說為斯賓諾莎主義。

　　3.Tractatus Theologico-Politicus

　　Written by the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza, the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus or Theologico-Political Treatise was one of the most controversial texts of the early modern period. It was a preemptive defense of Spinoza's later work, Ethics, published posthumously in 1677, for which he anticipated harsh criticism.

　　3.神學政治論

　　《神學政治論》是17世紀荷蘭哲學家斯賓諾莎主要著作之一。在書中，斯賓諾莎以理性主義和歷史批判的視角審視和批判了傳統(tǒng)的《圣經(jīng)》詮釋方法，在歷史上第一次提出研究《圣經(jīng)》的作者是誰，他們是在什么條件下寫的，以及為何而作等等。書中還提倡天賦人權(quán)學說，社會契約說，信仰自由和言論自由等。