走進劍橋大學第33期:文科牛津和理科劍橋

所屬教程:走進劍橋大學

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2018年04月26日

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Art and Science

文科牛津和理科劍橋

It is easy to stereotype the two institutions as having different strengths, for example, Oxford with politics and Cambridge with science. However, Cambridge has also produced distinguished politicians including Prime Minister Walpole, Baldwin and William Pitt, and Oxford graduates include noted-scientists such as Edmond Hailey, Robert Hooke and Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (and more recently Tim Beraers-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web).

人們常常認為牛津和劍橋有著各自的優(yōu)勢，例如，牛津在政治上優(yōu)于劍橋，而劍橋在科學上勝過牛津。盡管如此，劍橋也出了不少有名的政治家，其中就包括三位英國首相：沃波爾、鮑爾溫和威廉，皮特；牛津也出了不少著名的科學家，如：埃德蒙哈雷、羅伯特胡克和多蘿西霍奇金（更近一點的，還有萬維網(wǎng)的發(fā)明者蒂姆伯納斯李）。

Affiliates of the University of Cambridge have won 87 Nobel prizes as of 2010，more than any other institution according to some counts. Former undergraduates of the university have won a grand total of 61 Nobel prizes, more than the undergraduates of any other university. Perhaps most of all, the university is renowned for a long and distinguished tradition in mathematics and the sciences.

據(jù)統(tǒng)計，截止到2010年初，劍橋大學贏得了87個諾貝爾獎項，這比其他任何一個機構都要多。之前劍橋的本科生贏得了61個諾貝爾獎項，比任何大學的本科生獲得的都要多。也許是因為，這所大學長久以來都在數(shù)學和科學領域有出色的表現(xiàn)。

Among the most famous of Cambridge polymaths are Sir Isaac Newton. Besides, Sir Francis Bacon also spent part of his life there with pioneering mathematicians John Dee and Brook Taylor soon followed. Other ground-breaking mathematicians include Hardy, Littlewood and De Morgan, three of the most renowned pure mathematicians in modern history. Perhaps most importantly of all, James Clerk Maxwell, who is also considered to have brought about the second great unification of Physics (the first being accredited to Newton) with his classical electromagnetic theory.

劍橋最有名氣的學者要算是艾薩克·牛頓了，此外還有弗朗西斯培根。此后，還有數(shù)學界的先驅約翰迪和布魯克泰勒。此外，三位對數(shù)學界有著開拓性貢獻的數(shù)學家，哈代，利特伍德和摩根也曾在劍橋大學學習。這三位是現(xiàn)代歷史中最著名的理論數(shù)學家。也許最重要的還有詹姆士麥克斯韋，他的經(jīng)典電磁理論通常被認為帶來了物理學的第二次大一統(tǒng)（第一次是牛頓）。

Another Cambridge scholar responsible for major developments in scientific understanding was Charles Darwin, the biologist who first suggested the theory of evolution. Later Cambridge biologists include Francis Crick and James D. Watson developed a model for the three-dimensional structure of DNA whilst working at the university's Cavendish Laboratory. More recently, Sir Ian Wilmut, the man who was responsible for the first cloning of a mammal with Dolly the Sheep in 1996，was an undergraduate at Darwin College.

另外一位被認為對當今科學發(fā)展有著突出貢獻的是首次提出了生物進化論的生物學家查爾斯達爾文。之后，劍橋的其他生物學家，如弗蘭西斯克里克和詹姆士沃森在卡文迪什實驗室工作的時候，建立了DNA的三維結構模型。更近一些的還有1996年第一只克隆哺乳動物“多利羊”的負責人，在達爾文學院獲得了學士學位伊恩維爾穆特爵士。

In addition to those big names, there are numerous famous scientists who have studied or taught in Cambridge, for example，physicist Stephen Hawking, economist John Maynard Keynes, Besides, there are designer of the world's first computing system, discoverer of Hydrogen, discoverer of the neutron, leader of the Manhattan Project, inventor of the atomic bornb, astronomers, inventor of the jet engine, inventor of the camera and so on.

除了這些知名人士之外，還有許多著名的科學家也曾經(jīng)在劍橋學習或任教。例如，物理學家史蒂芬霍金，經(jīng)濟學家約翰凱恩斯。此外，世界上第一個計算機系統(tǒng)的設計者、氫氣的發(fā)現(xiàn)者、中子的發(fā)現(xiàn)者、曼哈頓計劃的負責人、原子彈的發(fā)明者、天文學家，噴射發(fā)動機的發(fā)明者、照相機的發(fā)明者也都出自劍橋。

Different from Cambridge, Oxford produced more politicians. Twenty-five British prime ministers have attended Oxford and At least thirty other international leaders have been educated at Oxford.

和劍橋不同，牛津出了更多的政界名人。有25位英國首相都出自牛津，至少還有30余位世界其他國家的領導人在牛津留過學。