走進(jìn)劍橋大學(xué) 第33期:文科牛津和理科劍橋

所屬教程:走進(jìn)劍橋大學(xué)

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2018年04月26日

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Art and Science

文科牛津和理科劍橋

It is easy to stereotype the two institutions as having different strengths, for example, Oxford with politics and Cambridge with science. However, Cambridge has also produced distinguished politicians including Prime Minister Walpole, Baldwin and William Pitt, and Oxford graduates include noted-scientists such as Edmond Hailey, Robert Hooke and Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (and more recently Tim Beraers-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web).

人們常常認(rèn)為牛津和劍橋有著各自的優(yōu)勢，例如，牛津在政治上優(yōu)于劍橋，而劍橋在科學(xué)上勝過牛津。盡管如此，劍橋也出了不少有名的政治家，其中就包括三位英國首相：沃波爾、鮑爾溫和威廉，皮特；牛津也出了不少著名的科學(xué)家，如：埃德蒙哈雷、羅伯特胡克和多蘿西霍奇金（更近一點(diǎn)的，還有萬維網(wǎng)的發(fā)明者蒂姆伯納斯李）。

Affiliates of the University of Cambridge have won 87 Nobel prizes as of 2010，more than any other institution according to some counts. Former undergraduates of the university have won a grand total of 61 Nobel prizes, more than the undergraduates of any other university. Perhaps most of all, the university is renowned for a long and distinguished tradition in mathematics and the sciences.

據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，截止到2010年初，劍橋大學(xué)贏得了87個(gè)諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，這比其他任何一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)都要多。之前劍橋的本科生贏得了61個(gè)諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，比任何大學(xué)的本科生獲得的都要多。也許是因?yàn)?，這所大學(xué)長久以來都在數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)領(lǐng)域有出色的表現(xiàn)。

Among the most famous of Cambridge polymaths are Sir Isaac Newton. Besides, Sir Francis Bacon also spent part of his life there with pioneering mathematicians John Dee and Brook Taylor soon followed. Other ground-breaking mathematicians include Hardy, Littlewood and De Morgan, three of the most renowned pure mathematicians in modern history. Perhaps most importantly of all, James Clerk Maxwell, who is also considered to have brought about the second great unification of Physics (the first being accredited to Newton) with his classical electromagnetic theory.

劍橋最有名氣的學(xué)者要算是艾薩克·牛頓了，此外還有弗朗西斯培根。此后，還有數(shù)學(xué)界的先驅(qū)約翰迪和布魯克泰勒。此外，三位對數(shù)學(xué)界有著開拓性貢獻(xiàn)的數(shù)學(xué)家，哈代，利特伍德和摩根也曾在劍橋大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)。這三位是現(xiàn)代歷史中最著名的理論數(shù)學(xué)家。也許最重要的還有詹姆士麥克斯韋，他的經(jīng)典電磁理論通常被認(rèn)為帶來了物理學(xué)的第二次大一統(tǒng)（第一次是牛頓）。

Another Cambridge scholar responsible for major developments in scientific understanding was Charles Darwin, the biologist who first suggested the theory of evolution. Later Cambridge biologists include Francis Crick and James D. Watson developed a model for the three-dimensional structure of DNA whilst working at the university's Cavendish Laboratory. More recently, Sir Ian Wilmut, the man who was responsible for the first cloning of a mammal with Dolly the Sheep in 1996，was an undergraduate at Darwin College.

另外一位被認(rèn)為對當(dāng)今科學(xué)發(fā)展有著突出貢獻(xiàn)的是首次提出了生物進(jìn)化論的生物學(xué)家查爾斯達(dá)爾文。之后，劍橋的其他生物學(xué)家，如弗蘭西斯克里克和詹姆士沃森在卡文迪什實(shí)驗(yàn)室工作的時(shí)候，建立了DNA的三維結(jié)構(gòu)模型。更近一些的還有1996年第一只克隆哺乳動(dòng)物“多利羊”的負(fù)責(zé)人，在達(dá)爾文學(xué)院獲得了學(xué)士學(xué)位伊恩維爾穆特爵士。

In addition to those big names, there are numerous famous scientists who have studied or taught in Cambridge, for example，physicist Stephen Hawking, economist John Maynard Keynes, Besides, there are designer of the world's first computing system, discoverer of Hydrogen, discoverer of the neutron, leader of the Manhattan Project, inventor of the atomic bornb, astronomers, inventor of the jet engine, inventor of the camera and so on.

除了這些知名人士之外，還有許多著名的科學(xué)家也曾經(jīng)在劍橋?qū)W習(xí)或任教。例如，物理學(xué)家史蒂芬霍金，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家約翰凱恩斯。此外，世界上第一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)者、氫氣的發(fā)現(xiàn)者、中子的發(fā)現(xiàn)者、曼哈頓計(jì)劃的負(fù)責(zé)人、原子彈的發(fā)明者、天文學(xué)家，噴射發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的發(fā)明者、照相機(jī)的發(fā)明者也都出自劍橋。

Different from Cambridge, Oxford produced more politicians. Twenty-five British prime ministers have attended Oxford and At least thirty other international leaders have been educated at Oxford.

和劍橋不同，牛津出了更多的政界名人。有25位英國首相都出自牛津，至少還有30余位世界其他國家的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在牛津留過學(xué)。